Influence of fruit load on dry matter and N-distribution in sweet pepper plants

The influence of fruit load on the leaf characteristics and on the distribution of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Cornado) plants was investigated under Mediterranean glasshouse conditions during a winter–spring production cycle (from December till June). DM weight of all organs (roots, stems + petioles, leaves and fruits) and N content were determined throughout the growing cycle over a 3-week interval. The results showed that the cyclic fruit load pattern (production flushes) was associated with strong variations of N-leaf content on an area basis and specific leaf weight, SLW. On a whole plant scale, the value of SLW dramatically decreased (≈30%) with increasing fruit load; the reverse held true as long as the fruit dry weight remained low (<30 g pl⁻¹). The decline in SLW was coincident with a shift in distribution of DM and N in the plant, both preferentially diverted to the fruits. The time evolution of DM and N fractions in organs exhibited periodic fluctuations, with a duration close to the length of a fruit growth cycle (about 70 days, from anthesis to harvest). Linear relationships were found between the fraction of dry mass and N in fruits, and those of the other organs. The slope of these relationships was considered as an indicator of the response and sensitivity of the organ growth to an increase in fruit load. The root dry mass fraction was the most affected by increases in fruit load (slope of −0.75), while the N fraction in roots and in leaves was affected to a similar extent (slope of −0.50 and of −0.40, respectively). We conclude that, in the sweet pepper, the cyclic pattern of fruit load induces opposite cyclic patterns of dry matter and N content in the other aerial organs as well as in the roots, thereby reflecting close shoot–root coordination in the allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources among the organs. Finally, we discuss the possible implications that could derive from these findings for modelling dry matter partitioning in plants subjected to continuous fruit harvesting.     

Tillage choices affect biochemical properties in the soil profile

Intensive conventional farming and continuous use of land resources can lead to agro-ecosystem decline and increased releases of CO₂ to the atmosphere as soil organic matter (OM) decays. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of varying types and depths of tillage on microbial biomass, C content, and humification in the profile of a loamy-sandy soil in the Mugello valley, close to the Apennine Mountains, in Italy. Soil samples were collected to depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm, in the ninth year following introduction of tillage practices. Highest content of all C forms examined (total, extractable and humified) was found at the 0–10 cm depth with minimum tillage (MT) and ripper subsoiling (RS) and at the 30–40 cm depth with conventional tillage (CT). Humified C decreased with depth in soils under MT and RS. None of the tillage systems showed any difference in total N and microbial biomass C in the upper depths, but concentrations were greater below 20 cm in soils subjected to CT, than other tillage systems. Crop production was similar in all tillage systems. Stratification and redistribution of nutrients were consistent with the well known effects of tillage reduction. Total organic C and its distribution in the profile depended on the tillage system employed. MT and RS can be regarded as excellent conservation tillage systems, because they also sequester C.     

受土壤类型和金属负荷量影响的重金属形态分布

Two series of soil subsamples, by spiking copper(Cu),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)in an orthogonal design,were prepared using red soil and brown soil,respectively.The results indicated that heavy metal fractions in these soil subsamples depended not only on soil types,but also on metal loading quantity as well as on interactions among metals in soil.Lead and Cu in red soil appeared mostly in weakly specifically adsorbed(WSA),Fe and Mn oxides bound(OX),and residual(RES)fractions.Zine cxisted in all fractions except organic bound one,and Cd was major in water soluble plus exchangeable(SE)one.Different from the results of red soil,Pb and Cu was present in brown soil in all fractions except organic one,but over 75% of Zn and 90% of Cd existed only in SE fraction.Meanwhile,SE fraction for any metal in red soil was lower than that in brown soil and WSA and OX fractions were higher.It is in agreernent with low cation exchange capacity and large amounts of metal oxides included in red soil.Metal fractions in soil,especially for water soluble plus exchangeable one ,were obviously influenced by other coexisting metals.The SE fraction of heavy metals increased with increasing loading amounts of metals in red soil but not obviously in brown soil,which suggest that metal availability be easily affected by their total amounts spiked in red soil.In addition,more metals in red soil were extracted with 0.20 mol L^-1 NH4Cl（pH5.40）than that with 1.0 mol L^-1 Mg(NO3)2(pH7.0),but the reverse happened in brown soil,implicating significantly different mechanisms of metal desorption from red soil and brown soil.     

长期施肥对水稻土有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响

以湖南省3个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点(新化、宁乡和桃江)的土壤为对象,研究了20年不同土壤培肥方式(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施中量/高量猪粪和化肥配施秸秆)对土壤全氮、有机氮组分及氮素矿化的影响.结果显示,与不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤全氮的影响在新化和宁乡点均不显著,但化肥配施猪粪或秸秆在三个试验点均显著提高了土壤全氮、碱解氮和微生物量氮的含量.总体来看,长期施肥能够提高土壤有机氮各组分的含量,并提高氨基糖氮和氨基酸氮在全氮中的占比,但不同类型肥料施入后对有机氮组分的影响因试验点的不同而异,这可能是不同试验点土壤理化性质差异导致的.相关分析显示土壤酸解有机氮组分与氮矿化势极显著相关,且在三个监测点,有机物配施化肥的处理土壤氮矿化势均高于单施化肥处理.研究表明,虽然土壤性质上的差异可能导致土壤氮组分对施肥措施的响应不同,但有机无机肥配施提高土壤供氮潜力的效果均优于单施化肥.     

黄土高原地区连续施锌条件下土壤锌的形态及有效性

 采用连续浸提形态分级方法，研究了连续施用锌肥后锌的土壤化学特性变化。结果表明，经过17年连续施用锌肥，锌在土壤中有明显的累积。0～60 cm各土层土壤全锌和有效锌（DTPA-Zn）含量均高于对照，并且表现出锌在表层土壤（0～15 cm）累积和向深层土壤迁移的特点。土壤中的锌主要以矿物态锌存在，占土壤全锌含量的95.57%～99.11%。其次为松结态锌，约占全锌的0.82%～3.58%。其它形态锌占全锌的比例很小，不到1.00%。锌肥施入土壤后各形态锌的含量都有较大幅度的增加，施入土壤中的锌有很大一部分转化为矿物态锌，只有一小部分进入土壤溶液，或与有机质、碳酸盐及氧化锰相结合。在土壤各形态锌中，交换态、松结态和碳酸盐态锌均能不同程度反映土壤锌的有效性。长期施用锌肥改善了小麦的锌营养状况，促进了小麦对锌的吸收，施锌小麦各器官锌含量和吸锌量均高于对照。     

植被光合有效辐射吸收分量及最大光能利用率算法的改进

植被冠层对入射光有效辐射的吸收系数 (FPAR) 和最大光能利用率是NPP模拟的重要参数。利用光量子仪实测了典型草原植被类型关键生育期光合有效辐射值,根据NDVI与FPAR之间的良好相关性,建立了2个FAPR估算模型。结果表明,实测的FPAR值与模型估算的FPAR之间的相关性均达到极显著水平,2个模型的估测值之间没有显著性差异。因此,本研究中采取求均值后计算了我国草原的FPAR,并与NASA-FPAR产品进行了嵌套和互补,形成全国完整的草原FPAR空间分布图。同时,基于归一化植被指数和叶面积指数,以中国草原18大类分类结果为基础单元,对中国草原18大类的最大光能利用率进行调整,调整后的最大光能利用率输入NPP模型后,改善了NPP估算精度,在大类尺度上,总体预测精度为85.71%。     

Paired-site approach for studying soil organic carbon dynamics in a Mediterranean semiarid environment

This work investigated the effects of land cover and land-use change (LUC) on the ability of a soil to store carbon (C) and reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, in a Mediterranean area. Using a paired-site approach, we estimated the effect of land-cover change on the C stock from 1972 to 2008 in a natural reserve (Grotta di Santa Ninfa) in western Sicily. We selected 15 paired sites representative of five LUCs. We studied the effect of land use on soil organic C (SOC) content in bulk soil and in different particle-size fractions (2000-1000 μm, 1000-500 μm, 500-250 μm, 250-63 μm, 63-25 μm, and < 25 μm). Laboratory incubation of the soil samples was conducted to measure CO₂ evolution in bulk soil collected at two different depths from each paired site. We found that the conversion of natural vegetation to orchards (vineyards and olive groves) resulted in SOC decreases ranging from 27% to 50%. The conversion from vineyards to arable land led to a 9% decrease in SOC, whereas the opposite caused a 105% gain. When arable land was replaced by Eucalyptus afforestation, a 40% increase in SOC was observed. SOC decline occurred mainly in coarser soil fractions, whereas the finest fractions were not influenced by land use. We calculated an overall SOC reduction of 63% in the study area, corresponding to a 58 Mg ha^− 1 SOC loss in less than 30 years. Our results indicate that land-use conversion, vegetation type, and management practices that control the biogeochemical and physical properties of soil could help reduce CO₂ emissions and sequester SOC.     

施氮对不同基因型冬小麦氮素吸收及干物质分配和产量的影响

以8个基因型NR9405、9430、偃师9号、小偃6号、陕229、西农2208、矮丰3号、商188为供试材料进行田间试验,研究了不同施氮肥量(0、90N kg/hm2)对冬小麦氮素吸收、干物质分配与产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:虽然小麦叶片、茎鞘、穗轴 颖壳及籽粒含氮量、氮收获指数及叶片、茎鞘、籽粒干物质分配率在不同基因型间存在显著差异,但是它们并没有显著受到施氮的影响。氮总吸收量、籽粒产量及产量构成因素的单位面积穗数、单株分蘖数、每穗粒数、单位面积粒数、千粒重、每穗粒重在不同基因型之间存在显著差异。施氮增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积株数、单位面积穗数、单株分蘖数、单位面积粒数及单位面积粒重。施氮增加小麦的干物质累积量的同时也增加了氮总吸收量,但并没有显著地增加籽粒氮含量。     

1990-2020年天津市植被覆盖度时空演变特征及影响因素分析

植被覆盖度(FVC)是区域生态环境质量的重要参数,揭示长时序FVC时空分异特征及识别主导影响因子可为评估地表植被状况提供科学参考。以天津市为例,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台的1990—2020年Landsat遥感影像,结合像元二分模型计算FVC。运用一元线性回归、F检验进行FVC时空演变趋势分析,利用变异系数、Hurst指数分析FVC波动情况及未来变化趋势。在此基础上,应用随机森林(RF)模型的特征重要性排序、偏依赖图技术量化FVC与同期的气候因素(年均气温、年降水量)和人类活动因素(土地利用、人口密度)的非线性响应关系,并进一步分析多因素耦合对FVC空间分布的解释力度。结果表明：(1)在时间上,1990—2020年天津市FVC呈显著下降趋势,变化率为0.001 5(p<0.05),其中1990—2012年FVC显著降低,2012年后变化趋势不显著(p>0.05)。不同等级FVC时序差异明显,低、中低和中植被覆盖比例均呈现显著增加趋势(p<0.05),而中高和高植被覆盖比例一致表现为显著降低(p<0.05)。(2)在空间上,1990...     

基于空间信息的高光谱遥感植被分类技术

高光谱数据常带有噪声,传统的仅考虑光谱信息的遥感植被分类方法效果不佳,融入空间信息进行植被分类显得尤为重要。以NDVI阈值法提取植被信息后,采用最小噪声变换对Hyperion高光谱影像进行压缩处理,取前60个分量数据,并采用一种空间与光谱信息相结合的高光谱影像植被分类法,完成研究区植被分类。结果表明,对各植被类型的平均分类精度达90.3%,而最大似然法的平均分类精度仅为70.0%。融入空间信息的高光谱遥感植被分类方法能有效地削弱噪声,在一定程度上提高了分类精度,在实际应用中有一定的参考价值。