Numerical simulation of solid liquid flow of Yangtze River water in a semi annulus reentry tube

The flow of Yangtze River water in a semi annulus reentry tube was numerically simulated using a Eulerian Two phase Flow Model and computational fluid dynamics. The results show that, for Reynolds number Re=28×104, silt particles with representative diameter ds=0030 3 mm are separated in reentry tubes of all curvature (R/r) sizes, while silt particles with ds=0010 2 mm separate only slightly. Silt particles with ds=0108 5 mm, which posses a strong separation effect, are separated relatively less in reentry tubes of R/r=10~40 than in tubes with other R/r sizes.     

玉米残体分解对不同肥力棕壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

  目的  为了对土壤资源的合理利用与管理提供指导,研究不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳组分和微生物群落对植物残体的响应。  方法  以枣树林、撂荒地和玉米地为研究对象,分别设置添加沙达旺、苦豆子、二者混合植物残体及空白共计12个处理,并进行室内培养试验,测定了土壤总有机碳（TOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、颗粒有机碳（ POC）以及微生物群落含量等指标。  结果  在三种土地利用方式下,沙打旺、苦豆子和混合植物残体输入后土壤TOC、DOC、MBC及POC均显著增加,枣树林地 > 玉米地 > 撂荒地。不同利用方式的土壤总磷脂脂肪酸、革兰氏阳性细菌（G⁺） 、革兰氏阴性细菌（G⁻）及放线菌含量在植物残体输入下均呈现不同程度的增加。三种植物残体对不同土地利用方式下PLFAs含量的影响表现为：枣树林地 > 玉米地 > 撂荒地。土壤G⁺/G⁻的比值范围为0.96 ~ 1.15。在三种土地利用方式下,植物残体输入并没有显著影响G⁺/G⁻的比值。  结论  植物残体输入改变了三种土地利用方式的土壤有机碳组分及微生物群落的含量,土壤TOC、DOC、MBC和POC等有机碳组分含量与土壤G⁺、G⁻ 、放线菌和真菌数量呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤G ⁺ /G⁻无明显相关关系。本研究结果为不同土地利用方式的土壤肥力提升与绿色可持续利用提供了科学参考。     

Spatiotemporal variation in snow cover and its effects on grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau

Snow cover is an important water source for vegetation growth in arid and semi-arid areas,and grassland phenology provides valuable information on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change.The Mongolian Plateau features both abundant snow cover resources and typical grassland ecosystems.In recent years,with the intensification of global climate change,the snow cover on the Mongolian Plateau has changed correspondingly,with resulting effects on vegetation growth.In this study,using MOD10A1 snow cover data and MOD13A1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data combined with remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in snow cover and grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2018.The correlation analysis and grey relation analysis were used to determine the influence of snow cover parameters(snow cover fraction(SCF),snow cover duration(SCD),snow cover onset date(SCOD),and snow cover end date(SCED))on different types of grassland vegetation.The results showed wide snow cover areas,an early start time,a late end time,and a long duration of snow cover over the northern Mongolian Plateau.Additionally,a late start,an early end,and a short duration were observed for grassland phenology,but the southern area showed the opposite trend.The SCF decreased at an annual rate of 0.33%.The SCD was shortened at an annual rate of 0.57 d.The SCOD and SCED in more than half of the study area advanced at annual rates of 5.33 and 5.74 DOY(day of year),respectively.For grassland phenology,the start of the growing season(SOS)advanced at an annual rate of 0.03 DOY,the end of the growing season(EOS)was delayed at an annual rate of 0.14 DOY,and the length of the growing season(LOS)was prolonged at an annual rate of 0.17 d.The SCF,SCD,and SCED in the snow season were significantly positively correlated with the SOS and negatively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCOD was significantly negatively correlated with the SOS and positively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCD and SCF can directly affect the SOS of grassland vegetation,while the EOS and LOS were obviously influenced by the SCOD and SCED.This study provides a scientific basis for exploring the response trends of alpine vegetation to global climate change.     

Long term and seasonal courses of leaf area index in a semi-arid forest plantation

Effective leaf area index (LAI_e) in the semi-arid Pinus halepensis plantation, located between arid and semi-arid climatic zones at the edge of the Negev and Judean deserts, was measured bi-annually during four years (2001-2004) and more intensively (monthly) during the following two years (2004-2006) by a number of non-contact optical devices. The measurements showed a gradual increase in LAI_e from ∼1 (±0.25) to ∼1.8 (±0.11) during these years. All instruments, when used properly, gave similar results that were also comparable with actual leaf area index measured by litter collection and destructive sampling and allometric estimates. Because of the constraint of clear sky conditions, which limited the use of the fisheye type sensors to times of twilight, the fisheye techniques were less useful. The tracing radiation and architecture of canopies system, which includes specific treatment of two levels of clumpiness of the sparse forest stand, was used successfully for the intensive monitoring. The mean clumpiness index, 0.61, is considered representative for the specific environment. Finally, the LAI_e measurements at the start of each season were used to constrain phenology-based estimates of annual LAI_e development, resulting in a continuous course of LAI_e in the forest over the five-year period. Intra-seasonal LAI_e variation in the order of 10% of total LAI_e predicted by the model was also observed in the intensive TRAC measurements, giving confidence in the TRAC system and indicating its sensitivity and applicability in woodlands even with low LAI_e values. The results can be important for forest management decision support as well as for use in evaluation of remote sensing techniques for forests at the lowest range of LAI_e values.     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

椭圆嗜蓝层孔菌子实体化学成分研究

椭圆嗜蓝层孔菌(Phellinus ellipsoidea)子实体甲醇提取物依次用石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取,其乙酸乙酯分部经柱层析分离得到11个化合物。经鉴定这11个化合物分别为:苯并(1,2-b,5,4-b′)二呋喃-3,5-二酮-8-甲酸甲酯(1)、原儿茶酸(2)、4-(3,4-二羟苯基)-3-丁烯-2-酮(3)、原儿茶醛(4)、Hispidin(5)、Hispolon(6)、Inoscavin A(7)、Phelligridin K(8)、Inoscavin C(9)、Inoscavin E(10)和Inonoblins B(11),其中化合物2、4、7、10为首次从该物种中分离得到。     

SAD和FAD家族基因调控山核桃不饱和脂肪酸组分配比

以山核桃胚为试材,测定5个山核桃油脂合成积累关键时期(授粉后75、85、100、109和127 d)的油脂组分和油含量,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测山核桃Δ9–硬脂酰–ACP脱氢酶(SAD)基因(CcSAD-1、CcSAD-2、CcSAD-3)和山核桃脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD)基因(CcFAD2、CcFAD3-1、CcFAD3-2、CcFAD3-3、CcFAD6、CcFAD7、CcFAD8-1、CcFAD8-2、CcFAD8-3)的表达模式。结果表明:成熟的山核桃种仁含油率超过种仁干质量的70%,同时不饱和脂肪酸比例达到90%以上;山核桃5个时期的脂肪酸组分,主要由棕榈酸(C16︰0)、硬脂酸(C18︰0)、油酸(C18︰1)、亚油酸(C18︰2)以及亚麻酸(C18︰3)组成;随着山核桃SAD家族基因表达上升,山核桃油中的油酸含量上升并维持一定水平,其中CcSAD-3可能是影响油酸含量的主效基因;同时随着山核桃油酸含量上升,CcFADs基因表达上升,山核桃不饱和脂肪酸比例增加。     

Influence of tree crown characteristics on the local PM10 distribution inside an urban street canyon in Antwerp (Belgium): A model and experimental approach

Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM₁₀ concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met^® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM₁₀ concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM₁₀ distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution.     

深松和秸秆还田对旋耕农田土壤有机碳活性组分的影响

土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)及其活性组分能够敏感响应耕作方式变化及有机物输入。为对比长期旋耕农田进行深松后土壤有机碳各活性组分及比例变化,该研究基于连续7a的旋耕转变为深松和秸秆管理长期定位试验,对比了旋耕无秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage with straw removal,RT)、旋耕秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage with straw return,RTS)、旋耕转变为深松无秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage conversion to subsoiling with straw removal,RT-DT)、旋耕转变为深松秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage conversion to subsoiling with straw return,RTS-DTS)下土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)、颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)、易氧化有机碳(readily oxidizable organic carbon,ROC)、微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、活性有机碳(labile organic carbon,LOC)在土壤有机碳中比例的变化及各组分间的相互关系。研究结果表明,耕作方式从旋耕转变为深松和秸秆还田对SOC及其各活性组分均产生显著影响,耕作方式转变、秸秆还田及两者的交互效应是影响SOC及其活性组分的主要因素。秸秆还田显著提高了RTS处理和RTS-DTS处理的SOC含量,分别比RT和RT-DT处理高6.1%~15.6%和19.1%~32.3%。并且转变耕作方式后RTS-DTS处理比于RTS处理SOC含量提高16.9%~20.0%。同时,RTS-DTS处理的POC含量比RTS处理高13.6%~53.8%;但RT-DT和RTS-DTS处理的土壤ROC含量较RT和RTS处理都呈下降趋势,RTS-DTS处理的ROC含量比RTS处理下降4.6%~10%;MBC含量降低23.8%~30.6%。虽然秸秆还田显著提高了各处理的DOC含量,但RTS转变为RTS-DTS处理后,其3个土层的DOC含量下降了8%~41%。相比于RT和RTS处理,RT-DT和RTS-DTS处理0~30 cm各土层中LOC在SOC中的比例显著下降。相关性分析结果表明,除POC与ROC之间无显著性相关关系外,SOC及各组分间均呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关关系。耕作方式转变为深松和秸秆还田提高了SOC含量的同时,显著降低了SOC中的活性有机碳组分,这更有利于SOC的有效积累,促进土壤碳库的稳定固存。     

磁处理棕壤对磷吸附-解吸特性的影响

探讨了磁处理棕壤对磷吸附-解吸的影响,结果表明:外加磁场处理棕壤后磷的吸附量降低,促进了磷的解吸。棕壤不同粒级磁化后(0.002~0.005mm除外)吸附量基本都减少,而<0.002mm粒级和0.005~0.01mm粒级对吸附量减少起主要作用。