稻草及其制备的生物质炭对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

向土壤中添加生物质炭已被认为是改善土壤质量,增加碳吸存的有效措施。通过模拟实验,利用同位素δ13C标记技术,研究稻草及其制备的生物质炭添加对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响。结果表明：稻草和生物质炭对土壤团聚体中新形成碳和原有机碳的影响截然不同。培养112 d,来自稻草或生物质炭的新碳主要进入到中团聚体（50 ~ 250 μm）中,比例为70.3% ~ 75.3%。与对照土壤相比,稻草添加显著促进了大团聚体（250 ~ 2 000 μm）原有机碳的分解（p <0.05）,但对中团聚体和微团聚体（<50 μm）原有机碳的影响并不明显,而生物质炭添加（SB250和SB350）则对大团聚体和中团聚体原有机碳没有显著影响,但SB250处理（土壤中加入250℃热解制备的生物质炭）显著抑制了微团聚体原有机碳的分解（p <0.05）,而SB350处理（土壤中加入350℃热解制备的生物质炭）的则无影响。对于同一粒级团聚体,稻草与生物质炭处理的区别,主要体现在新碳分配上,而对原有机碳的影响并不显著。     

黄土高原不同封育年限草地土壤与植物根系的生态化学计量特征

黄土高原特别是干草原地区植被演替的研究比较薄弱。当前植物生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在植物叶片方面,对根系的研究较少。选取宁夏云雾山草原植被不同封育年限的土壤和植物样品,以生态化学计量学原理为基础,测定并分析了土壤与根系的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量比与相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着封育年限的增加,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤有机碳和全氮变异性较大,全磷变异性较小,且封育初期土壤有机碳和全氮含量先降后升,至封育20、30年,保持相对平稳。0~20 cm土层土壤的碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)、氮磷比(N∶P)分别为9.04~9.63、19.62~32.27、2.14~3.37,20~40 cm土层土壤的分别为8.68~9.22、15.74~26.32、1.80~3.03。土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷之间存在极显著的正相关。(2)植物根系C、N、P含量变化范围分别为357.6~381.4 g kg-1、7.35~8.18 g kg-1、0.54~0.70 g kg-1;根系中的C元素含量随封育年限的增加逐渐升高,N、P元素含量均小于全球平均值。根系C∶N随着封育年限的增加变异性较大,C∶P、N∶P随着封育年限的增加变异性较小。(3)植物根系的C∶N∶P化学计量特征受土壤的影响调控大于其自身,且土壤磷含量对植物根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响的显著性(p0.01)大于土壤氮含量(p0.05)。此外,该地区封禁后,草地生产力易受到土壤N含量的限制。     

Specific Responses of Soil Microbial Residue Carbon to Long-Term Mineral Fertilizer Applications to Reddish Paddy Soils

Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils.     

稳定13C同位素示踪技术在农田土壤碳循环和团聚体 固碳研究中的应用进展

农田土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解直接影响陆地生态系统碳贮藏与全球碳平衡。土壤团聚体是土壤结构的物质基础和土壤肥力的重要载体,也是土壤有机碳的固定场所。稳定~(13)C同位素示踪技术是研究土壤碳动态变化的有效手段,能够揭示新输入碳在土壤及团聚体中赋存状态、周转过程以及微生物的调节机制。本文主要归纳与阐述了稳定~(13)C同位素示踪技术在农田土壤有机碳循环及土壤团聚体固碳机理方面的研究进展,提出~(13)C同位素示踪技术在未来土壤碳循环和固碳机制方面的主要研究方向。     

豆科绿肥对渭北旱塬土壤养分及生态化学计量学特征影响

渭北旱塬是我国重要的农业生态区,但土壤贫瘠、水土流失严重,亟需培肥土壤、改善生态环境。为探究渭北旱塬地区夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥后土壤养分及其生态化学计量学特征的变化规律,采用田间定位试验,分别设置了3种豆科绿肥(绿豆、大豆和长武怀豆)和4个施氮水平,连续6年种植并翻压绿肥后,分析了土壤中养分含量,采用生态化学计量学方法计算了不同条件下的生态化学计量比值。结果表明:与对照(休闲)处理相比,长期种植并翻压豆科绿肥能显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮等养分指标含量,3种养分分别提高了4.47%~15.35%、5.21%~6.25%和11.00%~14.35%,且均以怀豆处理提升效果最佳。翻压绿肥短期内(2周后),土壤全氮含量的提升幅度大于有机碳和碱解氮。怀豆处理的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和有效磷含量在短期和长期内均显著升高,培肥效果最为明显。翻压绿肥后,短期内土壤C∶N降低,但从长期效应来看,翻压绿肥提高了土壤C∶N,有利于土壤有机质的积累,能有效改善土壤养分平衡状态。土壤C∶P和N∶P与土壤C、N含量变化关系较为密切。夏闲期长期种植并翻压绿肥明显改善了土壤碳、氮养分状况,是渭北旱塬地区土壤培肥的有效措施。     

基于ZigBee和嵌入式技术的无线安防监控系统研究与设计

针对传统有线安防系统的局限性,通过对zigbee技术和嵌入式技术的研究,提出了一种基于zigbee组网技术和嵌入式控制技术的住宅小区无线安防监控系统,实现了布防后能够对住宅小区生活中存在的火灾、盗窃、煤气泄漏等安全隐患进行监测及报警。采用基于ZigBee标准的射频芯片CC2430,实现节点间数据的无线传输,并给出了系统的硬件原理框图和软件设计思路。     

Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.     

抽穗后干旱复水对双季杂交晚稻产量形成和叶片δ13C及内源激素水平的影响

为探明生育后期干旱复水对双季杂交晚稻不同产量潜力品种产量的影响及其形成的生理机制,选择超级稻品种五丰优T025和对照品种金优207,于抽穗后进行干旱8d复水处理,分析了2个品种结实和产量、干旱前后倒二叶稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)及内源激素含量的差异性。结果表明,干旱复水处理下2个品种水稻的结实率、千粒重及单株产量较对照(保持水层)表现出不同程度下降。其中,结实率五丰优T025和金优207分别下降12.07%和7.67%,千粒重下降5.23%和9.09%,单株产量下降13.54%和27.14%,差异均达显著或极显著水平,未发现产量补偿效应。抽穗后干旱处理下倒二叶δ13C值,五丰优T025大幅上升,复水后呈现出先下降,至第6天又开始上升的特点,金优207则大幅下降,复水后呈现先上升后下降再上升的特点,五丰优T025较金优207干旱复水处理与对照之间的差距更大。总体上,对照条件下,抽穗至其后20d,随生育推进,2个品种倒二叶内源ABA和GA₃含量呈上升而IAA含量则下降趋势,ZR表现出先上升再下降特点。干旱处理下2个品种表现为ABA含量上升,复水后呈先下降后上升特点,五丰优T025较金优207处理与对照之间差距更大;干旱复水处理条件下:2个品种IAA含量均下降,五丰优T025处理与对照间的差距明显小于金优207;五丰优T025 GA₃含量表现出先上升后下降再上升,金优207表现出干旱处理结束日急剧下降至最低点,复水后缓慢上升特点;2个品种ZR含量呈现出先上升至最高值再下降特点,五丰优T025较金优207处理与对照之间差距更小。抽穗后干旱处理将启动稻株体内抗衰老机制,复水后将在一定程度一定时间内激活稻株体内生长促进因子并抑制生长抑制因子,但其效果十分有限。     

基于蛋白质反式剪接在大肠杆菌中表达鲎C因子CES多肽

鲎C因子是鲎血细胞中一种对内毒素具有高亲和力的丝氨酸蛋白酶原,可替代鲎试剂用于内毒素检测。鲎C因子N端Cys—EGF．sushil—sushi2（CES）片段中的sushil区域是与内毒素结合的关键部位。本研究在sushil结构域中的特定位点断开CES与内毒素结合的功能片段,然后分别和蛋白质内含肽SspDnaX的N端片段（IN）和C端片段0C）连接,并在大肠杆菌中表达,表达产物经亲和层析纯化、复性以及内毒素去除后,利用蛋白质反式剪接系统,在体外诱导该蛋白质内含肽发生剪接,重新得到C因子的CES蛋白,并检测其活性。实验结果表明此重组CES蛋白具有结合内毒素活性,提示在大肠杆菌系统中开发低成本内毒素检测试剂的可行性。     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.