生物有机肥和土壤调理剂对烤烟生长发育和产、质量的影响

为有效防治烟草青枯病、提高烟叶品质,采用田间试验,研究了单施土壤调理剂（T2）、单施含有烟草青枯病拮抗菌的生物有机肥（T3）、土壤调理剂与生物有机肥混合施用（T4）对烤烟农艺性状、烤烟病害发生及烤烟产、质量的影响。结果表明,与当地常规施肥（CK,T1）相比,T2、T3、T4处理烤烟产值分别增加9.1％、8.9％、7.6％,上等烟比例分别提高了2.6％、3.4％和3.6％;T3和T4处理的烟株青枯病、花叶病病情指数分别较 T1处理降低22.8％和26.3％、56.9％和35.0％。通过施用土壤调理剂调节土壤酸碱性和利用生物有机肥提高土壤微生物活性,可有效促进烟株的生长发育,提高烟株的抗病性和烤后烟叶品质。     

3株放线菌对甜瓜幼苗的促生与抗性诱导作用

【目的】研究3株生防放线菌Act1、Act11和Act12对甜瓜枯萎菌(TF)和西瓜枯萎菌的拮抗性,及其对甜瓜幼苗的促生作用和叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的诱导作用,为防治西甜瓜枯萎病提供高效生防放线菌。【方法】通过琼脂块法和无菌发酵滤液试验,研究了3株放线菌对TF和西瓜枯萎菌的拮抗性及其无菌发酵滤液对甜瓜种子胚轴、胚根生长的影响;通过盆栽试验,研究了3株放线菌对甜瓜幼苗叶绿素相对含量、甜瓜根系质量和根系活力的影响以及对甜瓜叶片PPO活性的诱导作用。【结果】①供试放线菌对TF和西瓜枯萎菌的拮抗圈直径均超过17mm,其无菌发酵滤液对TF和西瓜枯萎菌的抑菌率为2.65%~65.27%,且能促进甜瓜胚轴、胚根生长,提高甜瓜种子活力。②放线菌Act1、Act11和Act12以1.5 g/kg的接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗叶绿素相对含量较单接TF分别增加了17.57%,13.54%和11.59%,差异显著(P0.05);放线菌Act11以1.5 g/kg接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗根系质量较单接TF处理增加了53.33%;放线菌Act1和Act12以2.0 g/kg接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗根系活力较单接TF分别增加了416.67%和166.67%,差异达极显著水平(P0.01)。③放线菌Act11、Act12以1.5 g/kg接种量与TF混接,甜瓜幼苗叶片PPO活性较单接TF分别增加了45.06%,50.20%。【结论】3株生防放线菌对TF和西瓜枯萎菌均具有较强的拮抗性,在一定接种量下,对甜瓜幼苗具有促生和提高诱导抗性的作用,此作用在放线菌与TF混接时表现更为明显。     

不同生物质炭对烤烟青枯病发病情况及烟叶生长的影响

2014年通过田间小区试验,比较了不同生物质炭对烤烟青枯病、烟叶产量和质量的影响。结果表明,在烟叶生长前期雨水偏多的湖北宣恩地区,在"三先"时施入15 000 kg/hm~2烟秆生物质炭或稻壳生物质炭都可以促进烟叶前期的生长,对青枯病都有一定的防治效果,移栽后63 d的防治效果分别为49.93%和60.03%;进入成熟期稻壳生物质炭的防治效果为31.92%,而烟秆生物质炭的发病率比对照提高了18.18%。施用烟秆生物质炭的烤烟产量下降了4.48%,产值下降了8.83%,中上等烟比例增加了20.66个百分点;施用稻壳生物质炭的烤烟产量下降了29.21%,产值下降了26.78%,中上等烟比例增加了8.16个百分点。因此,每公顷施用15 000 kg稻壳生物质炭对烤烟青枯病有明显的防治效果,但降低了烟叶产量;而施用烟秆生物质炭会加重青枯病发病情况,对烟叶的经济性状影响较小。     

烟草青枯病病原菌的分离及其拮抗菌的筛选

从福建烟田的病株中分离出烟草青枯病病原菌，从其原位土壤中经过分离纯化得到40种土壤菌株，经过平板拮抗法筛选后，得到对青枯病菌有明显抑制作用的5株土壤细菌，分别命名为T1、T2、T3、T4和T5，其中，菌株T5的拮抗带最大，菌落拮抗带达10．2～21．4mm.     

Screen of Biocontrol Bacteria of Ginger Wilt by Inhibiting Zones and Root-colonizing Capacity

2003年6月在雅安飞仙关多功乡13个未发病或发病较轻的生姜田块中分离到217个细菌菌株,其中三个(L1、D4、T10)菌株对姜瘟病有强抑菌作用,用利福平标记后在室内的灭菌土和非灭菌土中分别进行定殖能力的测定,结果表明:L1在平板上的抑菌圈不是最大,而最终定殖密度却是最大,而T10抑菌圈最大,定殖能力却不是最大。在灭菌土中比非灭菌土中的定殖能力强。在田间防病试验中,防病效果分别达60.16%(L1)、39.10%(D4)、52.39%(T10)、此外试验结果还表明三个菌株都有不同程度的增产促长作用。     

根系分泌物在西瓜/旱作水稻间作减轻西瓜枯萎病中的响应

采用盆栽的方法,研究了西瓜/旱作水稻间作对西瓜枯萎病和西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸、氨基酸、有机酸种类和含量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporun f.sp.niveum,FON)显著提高了西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸的含量,增加了酚酸的种类如香豆酸,当西瓜/旱作水稻间作时,大部分酚酸的分泌量降低。在接种FON的条件下,西瓜/旱作水稻间作较单作显著降低西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸含量。与对照相比,接种FON提高了西瓜根系分泌中氨基酸的含量,而在西瓜/旱作水稻间作条件下接种FON时,西瓜根分泌物中氨基酸含量没有变化。与对照相比,接种FON显著提高了西瓜根系分泌有机酸的量,当西瓜/旱作水稻间作时,大部分有机酸分泌量降低。在接种FON的条件下,西瓜/旱作水稻间作较单作降低了西瓜根系分泌物中有机酸含量。总之,接种FON提高了西瓜根系分泌酚酸、氨基酸和有机酸的量,西瓜/旱作水稻间作降低西瓜枯萎病发病率和发病指数,并维持西瓜根系分泌酚酸、氨基酸和有机酸的量不增加,因此,西瓜/旱作水稻间作减轻西瓜枯萎病与西瓜根分泌物的调节有关。     

抗青枯病花生资源的种子大小 及主要品质性状的遗传分化

以123份不同类型的抗青枯病花生种质为材料,对荚果大小、种子大小、出仁率、蛋白质、含油量和脂肪 酸等性状遗传分化进行了研究。研究结果表明,在我国抗青枯病花生资源中,高油酸种质资源较多,这些资源的荚 果及种仁大小,油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、山嵛酸含量性状均存在丰富的遗传变异;但是,高 含油量资源较少,而且在含油量、蛋白质含量和出仁率方面的遗传多样性不丰富。根据12个与种子品质相关性状 信息, 123份抗青枯病资源被分成2组5亚组13个品种群,这些品种(群)与已被广为利用的骨干抗病亲本协抗青 和台山三粒肉之间存在很大的遗传分化。     

Correlation of molecular markers and biological properties in Verticillium dahliae and the possible origins of some isolates

Haploid and amphihaploid Verticillium dahliae isolates were studied using PCR-based molecular markers which: (i) discriminate the defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes (two primer pairs INTD2f/r and INTND2f/r), and (ii) are species-specific (primer pair 19/22). The results were compared with some known biological and other molecular properties of the isolates. Five discrete sequences of the 19/22 amplicon were found. Sequence 4 was associated with both defoliating isolates from Spain and nondefoliating isolates from Spain and USA; these pathotypes were separated by the primer pairs INTD2f/r and INTND2f/r, but the data showed that the primer espdef01 (derived from the 19/22 amplicon) cannot be used for this purpose. Amplicon sizes and sequences with primers 19/22 divided amphihaploid isolates from crucifers (thought to be interspecific hybrids) into those corresponding to the previously reported α and β groups. The β-group isolates had either sequence 4 or 5 (these two differing by a single base). The distinct amplicon sequence 3 given by the α-group isolates demonstrated that the V. dahliae -like 'parent' of this group was molecularly unlike any haploid isolate yet studied. The overall results are discussed in relation to phytosanitary considerations and the probability of defoliating or crucifer pathotypes arising de novo within Europe, either by selection or by interspecific hybridizations.     

Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato

Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease is a serious constraint to tomato production in various regions of the world. The effect of TSW on tomato yield is largely influenced by time of infection. Early infection usually results in severe stunting of the seedling and even death of the plant. Plastic film mulches affect both the incidence of TSW, and plant growth and yield of tomato. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of root zone temperature (RZT) as affected by plastic film mulch on the manifestation of symptoms of TSW, and growth and yield of tomato plants either artificially inoculated with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or under natural TSW infection. In artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, vegetative top fresh weight (FW) and fruit FW both increased with the length of time after transplanting that the plants remained free from TSW symptoms. The root zone temperature was highest under black mulch (seasonal mean = 27.5 °C), followed by gray (27.0 °C), silver (25.8 °C), and white (24.8 °C) mulches. The plants grown on black mulch showed the earliest appearance of TSW symptoms, and had significantly reduced vegetative growth and fruit yields compared to plants on the other mulches. In conclusion, utilization of plastic mulches that created conditions of high RZT stress resulted in reduced plant growth and yield and predisposed the plants to earlier expression of TSW symptoms compared to plants grown at RZTs more favorable to tomato plant growth (optimal RZT = 26.1 °C [Díaz-Pérez, J.C., Batal, K.D., Granberry, D., Bertrand, D., Giddings, D., Pappu, H., 2003. Vegetative top growth and yield of tomato grown on plastic film mulches as affected by the appearance of symptoms of Tomato spotted wilt virus. HortScience 38, 395–399]). Since these plant responses to TSW under heat stress occurred in artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, high RZTs probably affected the plants directly, independently of any possible effects on the thrips vectors.     

无籽西瓜嫁接效应研究

在湖北荆州采用靠接法和顶插接法对郑抗无籽5号、郑抗无籽6号、黑元帅、黑将军等4个无籽西瓜品种进行了嫁接育苗与栽培效应研究。结果表明:采用嫁接栽培的西瓜显著降低了枯萎病的发病率、病情指数及病死株率,产量显著提高;采用靠接法的嫁接苗成活率和单果重显著高于顶插接法;采用顶插接果实中心可溶性固形物含量有提高的趋势;嫁接西瓜口感与自根西瓜无明显差异。郑抗无籽5号、6号的综合表现较优。