添加蚓粪和蛭石对菇渣培育番茄幼苗生长的影响

摘要：[方法]采用菇渣为原料,在菇渣中加入蚓粪和蛭石,复配成育苗基质。菇渣与蛭石按8：1和4：1体积比混合的基质培育的番茄幼苗的根鲜重、根干重和为育苗基质培育番茄幼苗,[目的]研究其对番茄幼苗的生长影响特征。[结果]结果表明,相比市售基质,菇渣复配育苗基质能够明显提高番茄幼苗叶片叶绿素含量。菇渣与蚓粪、蛭石按8:1:1体比混合的育苗基质培育的番茄幼苗在茎粗、根长、根表面积、根体壮苗指数都大于市售基质。菇渣加入蚓粪、蛭石复配基质的各处理的番茄幼苗茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重、总鲜重、总干重和根冠比与市售基质相比差异不显著。[结论]总之,菇渣可以作为基质材料培育番茄幼苗,添加蚓粪和蛭石都有利于提高番茄幼苗的壮苗指数。本实验条件下,推荐采用菇渣与蛭石按照8～4：1体积比复配的基质进行番茄育苗。     

镉砷污染土壤钝化剂配方优化及效果研究

为筛选出适宜镉砷污染土壤的复合钝化剂,采用D-最优混料设计方法,研究铁改性生物炭、酸改性海泡石和酸改性蛭石钝化土壤Cd和As的最优复配配方。结果表明:经FeCl3改性后的生物炭对As的吸附能力增加,对Cd的吸附能力降低;经酸改性后的海泡石和蛭石对Cd的吸附能力不变,对As的吸附能力增强。铁改性生物炭、酸改性海泡石和酸改性蛭石复配能有效降低土壤有效态Cd和As含量,活性态Cd主要向残渣态转化,活性态As主要向有机结合态和残渣态转化,Cd和As生物有效性降低。采用Design Expert统计软件分析数据,通过建立回归方程及多目标优化分析,获得复配钝化剂的配比为铁改性生物炭26.97%、酸改性海泡石23.49%和酸改性蛭石49.54%,经验证实验,施用优化配方后的土壤有效态Cd和As含量分别为0.97 mg·kg-1和0.26 mg·kg-1,与预测值接近。研究表明,铁改性生物炭、酸改性海泡石和酸改性蛭石复配能有效降低土壤Cd和As的生物有效性。     

堆置与添加蛭石对污泥蚓粪培育茄子幼苗的影响

【目的】探讨堆置和添加蛭石处理对污泥蚓粪育苗基质有效氮磷钾含量、pH和电导率（EC）以及该基质对茄子幼苗生长发育的影响,为污泥蚓粪资源化利用提供理论依据。【方法】新鲜污泥蚓粪和堆置污泥蚓粪（堆置180 d）中分别添加不同量蛭石（体积比：蚓粪﹕蛭石=1﹕0,2﹕1,4﹕1,8﹕1）复配成育苗基质,以市售泥炭育苗基质为对照,共9个处理,通过大棚育苗方式培育茄子幼苗。【结果】污泥蚓粪基质比传统泥炭为主的基质更能促进茄子幼苗系统发育;新鲜污泥蚓粪基质和堆置污泥蚓粪基质都能够显著增大茄子幼苗的开展度、根表面积、根粗、根体积、茎叶干重、总干重、根冠比和壮苗指数,新鲜污泥蚓粪基质能够显著增加茄子幼苗的叶绿素,堆置污泥蚓粪基质能够显著增加茄子幼苗的根长;新鲜污泥蚓粪中添加不同量的蛭石对茄子幼苗茎叶生长的影响小于堆置污泥蚓粪,而对根系的影响大于堆置污泥蚓粪;堆置处理导致污泥蚓粪有效氮、有效磷和pH下降,而EC增大。新鲜污泥蚓粪和堆置污泥蚓粪中加入蛭石都导致有效氮磷钾含量和EC值下降,而pH增加,变化量随着蛭石用量的增大而增大。育苗后,污泥蚓粪基质的有效氮磷钾含量显著高于市售基质,而pH差异不显著。新鲜污泥蚓粪与蛭石按照2﹕1体积比、堆置污泥蚓粪与蛭石按照8﹕1的体积比混合最有利于增大茄子幼苗壮苗指数。【结论】污泥蚓粪可以作为育苗基质材料培育茄子幼苗,持续大量的有效矿质营养供应是污泥蚓粪促进茄子幼苗生长发育的重要原因。虽然污泥蚓粪堆置处理降低了有效氮磷含量、增加了EC值,但在保证幼苗质量前提下,从方便生产、提高蚓粪基质产品使用安全性的角度,在茄子育苗中推荐采用堆置后污泥蚓粪与蛭石按照8﹕1体积比混合的育苗基质。     

Accessory Minerals and Potentially Toxic Elements in Tanzanian Vermiculites with Respect to Agricultural Applications

The study assessed accessory minerals and metals in Tanzanian vermiculites with respect to their potential suitability for agricultural applications. Mineral and chemical analyses were involved. Pot experiments were also conducted to assess plant uptake of metals from soil with vermiculites. Fibrous sepiolite and amphiboles were minerals of health concern found in some samples. The sepiolite fibers had aspect ratios similar to those of asbestos minerals, which cause respiratory disorders and lung cancer when inhaled and thus pose a potential health risk to animals and humans. The amphibole fibers were thicker than 10 μm and are unlikely to be inhaled. Chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) concentrations in some samples were greater than the limits permitted in agricultural soils, but the elements are not highly plant available and do not inhibit the uptake of essential macronutrients. Heating vermiculites at 400–600 °C enhanced extractability of Cr and Ni and should preferably be avoided.     

纳米EVMT改性聚丙烯薄膜力学性能和阻隔性能的影响

采用自制的纳米蛭石改性剂对聚丙烯进行了改性，并对其拉伸性能、穿刺性能等物理力学性能、阻隔性能及热稳定性进行了测试。实验结果表明：改性剂可以明显提高聚丙烯的力学性能，当 EVM T 的含量达到2％时，其穿刺性能提高了500％；同时随着EVM T含量的增加，改性聚丙烯材料对氧气的阻隔性能显著提高，但透湿能力有多降低；当改性剂含量小于1％时，热稳定性随改性剂的含量增加而增加。     

不同基质对菊花‘神马’扦插生根的影响

以菊花品种‘神马’为试材,采用沙子、珍珠岩、蛭石3种基质进行扦插处理,研究其对‘神马’菊花生长状况、褐变率、生根率、根粗、根长、茎粗、茎高等生长指标的影响。结果表明:在沙子基质中,插穗生根数量和根增粗方面表现最好,虽然生根率不及珍珠岩基质,但考虑茎的高度及粗度,以及成本等其它因素,因此确定沙子是菊花‘神马’扦插最适宜的基质。     

天然蛭石对污水中氨氮吸附去除率的影响

研究了蛭石对污水中氨氮的吸附容量及水中pH、温度、浓度、蛭石用量对氨氮去除率的影响.结果表明,当蛭石的饱和吸附量为20.83 mg/g,pH在2.0～6.0范围内时,蛭石吸附量随pH值升高而增大,而在pH6.0～9.0范围内随pH升高而降低;温度在10～35℃范围内对氨氮吸附具有负影响;氨氮初始浓度在小于50 mg/L时,其去除率随着蛭石用量的增加而增大.为蛭石作为一种新型填料提供了基础数据和理论依据.     

不同基质配比对盆栽枳壳实生苗生长的影响

以1年生的枳壳实生苗为试验材料,研究5种不同体积配比的生长基质(珍珠岩、草炭、蛭石、沙土、黏土)对枳壳实生苗营养生长和部分生理指标的影响,为柑橘的无土栽培提供理论参考。结果表明,珍珠岩和蛭石按1∶1体积配比的B处理,其枳壳实生苗的株高(25.80cm)、茎粗(0.62cm)、叶数(114片)、分枝数(10个)和根长(90.00cm)均达到最大,地上部和地下部鲜质量及干质量极显著或显著高于其他处理;叶绿素总量(37.65mg/g)、可溶性糖含量(0.15%)和脯氨酸含量(308.73μg/g)均高于其他处理,而丙二醛含量(2.05μmol/g)极显著低于其他处理。因此,珍珠岩和蛭石按1∶1体积配比最适于枳壳苗生长。     

模拟潜流人工湿地处理猪场废水的实验研究

采用盆栽试验模拟潜流型人工湿地,研究了土壤、蛭石、煤渣和碎石四种人工湿地基质不同组合净化养猪场污水的能力。结果表明:以上层蛭石土混合物、下层煤渣和碎石的组合处理效果最佳,14d内COD_(Cr)、NH_4~ -N、T-P的去除率分别达到了95．3％、90％、91．6％。试验前期,四种不同组合基质的COD_(Cr)、NH_4~ -N、T-P去处率有明显差异,但试验后期除T-P的去除率仍有明显差异外,COD_(Cr)和NH_4~ -N去除率已无明显差异。     

菇渣基质特性及其对黄瓜和番茄幼苗生长的影响

The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate (SMS),made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate,as a growing medium for nursery seedlings.Two vegetable species,cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.cv.Jinchun No.2) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.cv.Mandy),were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite.A mixed substrate of peat with perlite (1:1;v:v) was used as the control (CK).The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions.Prior to sowing,some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined.Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 (SMS:vermiculite=1:1;v:v) and the T8 (SMS:perlite=2:1;v:v) mixtures.Compared with the CK,increased plant height,leaf area,fresh weight,dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 (SMS:vermiculite=2:1;v:v) and T6 (SMS:perlite=4:1;v:v) growing media.SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.