长输天然气管道干线放空方法选择

长输天然气管道在生产运行过程中由于改造或检修作业的需求,对干线管道进行放空是其服役期间的重要环节。通过对比国内外输气管道的3种放空降压方式,并经过西气东输二线、三线管网集中动火工艺处置实践的验证,总结了一种利用输气管道压缩机进行多管段连续降压后放空的阶梯式降压方法。实践证明:与传统直接放空方法或外接压缩机降压放空方法相比,阶梯式降压法能够大幅减少天然气放空损耗量和缩短放空时间,降低放空噪音对周边生产、经济活动的影响,具有高效、经济、安全、环保的特点,特别适用于长距离输气管道多管段连续集中检修作业时的降压放空操作。     

放空立管与天然气站场间距的计算

目前中国对放空立管与天然气站场的间距按照GB 50183—2004《石油天然气工程设计防火规范》来确定,但该规范未对放空量大于4×10^4 m^3/h的立管与站场的间距做出相应规定。在考虑了放空立管与站场间距的主要影响因素风速与允许辐射热强度的情况下,利用挪威船级社过程危害分析软件工具PHAST分别计算了冷放空天然气的扩散、点火放空天然气燃烧辐射热影响强度与范围,并给出了50%的爆炸下限(Lower Flammable Limit,LFL)浓度边界空间分布以及允许热辐射强度为4.73 kW/m^2的辐射热影响范围。研究结果确定了放空立管与天然气站场的间距,并为站内设备操作区、人员住宿区、控制室、值班室等建构筑物的平面布置、站场征地提供了理论依据。     

西气东输站场放空天然气回收需求与工艺

天然气长输管道增压站和分输站放空主要包括紧急抢修放空和计划性放空,前者具有随机性,单次放空量大,不具备回收的技术条件,后者主要指分离器排污放空和压缩机定期检修放空,具有较强的计划性和一定的规律性,具有良好的回收基础条件和回收价值。西气东输管道站场压缩机检修和分离器排污两项放空量之和占总放空量的50%以上,对放空天然气进行回收是可行和必要的。为此,设计了一套以CNG压缩机为核心的站场放空天然气回收工艺系统,可对站场因设备维修、排污等产生的放空天然气进行回收并重新注入上游管道、下游管道或分输管道,达到节能减排的目的。     

Depth-based barotrauma severity,reflex impairment and stress response in two species of ice-angled fish

Barotrauma is a frequent event in fish captured from depth, and anglers often attempt to remedy this problem by venting fish. Barotrauma has been frequently assessed in fish during the warm water season, but no work has been done during winter ice angling, and the need and/or effectiveness of venting for ice-angled fish has not been quantified. To answer these questions, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque and black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) were angled through the ice, barotrauma assessed, and the effect of venting on reflex responsiveness and blood glucose levels after 1 or 2.5 h of holding were determined. Greater capture depths resulted in more severe barotrauma, with bluegill experiencing symptoms at shallower depths than black crappie. Bluegill reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) scores improved more than black crappie scores following venting. These results suggest barotrauma impacts fish in winter fisheries in a similar fashion to fish in warmer conditions, with species-specific differences in their susceptibility to barotrauma and their response to venting.     

中缅天然气管道放空实践及思考

天然气放空对气源和用户均会造成显著影响,同时在工程实践中存在较大安全风险,因此放空是输气管道维修施工及应急处置中的重要环节之一。基于天然气管道实际情况及相关标准规范的要求,采用科学工具确定放空关键参数是确保放空安全经济性的关键。通过对中缅天然气管道进行深入分析,确定其放空初始压力、选择可行的放空方式、计算放空时间、评估其对环境的影响;并对中缅干线管道放空实践等进行论述,为合理组织输气管道维修施工、提高输气生产调度决策水平提供了实践依据与技术支持。     

Surviving the effects of barotrauma: assessing treatment options and a ‘natural’ remedy to enhance the release survival of line caught pink snapper (Pagrus auratus)

A new technique to ameliorate the effects of barotrauma was tested based on observations of pink snapper, Pagrus auratus (Forster), inadvertently piercing their everted stomach with their teeth and releasing trapped swim bladder gases. This technique was termed buccal venting and involved piercing the everted stomach protruding into the buccal cavity or out of the mouth with a 16‐gauge hypodermic needle (a practice previously not encouraged). Short‐term (~3 days) survival of buccal‐vented fish was not significantly different from laterally vented fish nor untreated controls. Both buccal and lateral venting techniques were shown to cause no harm and allowed fish to return to depth. The short‐term (1–3 days) post‐release survival of line caught snapper was 88% with no significant difference in survival across three depth ranges tested (37–50, 51–100 and 101–180 m). Survival of sublegal pink snapper (<35 cm TL) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that of legal‐sized fish (≥35 cm TL). Healing of the swim bladder was observed in 27% of pink snapper dissected after ≤3 days in captivity, and healing of stomachs was observed in 64% of pink snapper that had been buccal vented. Relatively high post‐release survival rates of line caught pink snapper may offer some protection for snapper stocks where high fishing pressure and legal size restrictions result in the majority of the catch having to be released.     

全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统:19 kPa以下排气压力不影响发酵特征

本试验旨在研究不同排气压力对体外模拟瘤胃发酵特征的影响。选用3只体重相近、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年湘东黑山羊作为瘤胃液供体动物,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统,选用6种发酵底物进行48 h体外发酵,研究9、14和19 k Pa 3种排气压力对总产气量、甲烷产量、产气参数、干物质消失率、发酵液p H以及挥发性脂肪酸产量等发酵参数的影响。结果表明:发酵底物对体外模拟瘤胃发酵参数影响显著(P0.05);排气压力对体外模拟瘤胃发酵参数没有显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,排气压力由9 k Pa增至19 k Pa对体外模拟瘤胃发酵特征无影响。     

通风速率对汽油污染土壤通风效率的影响及修复时间的预测

原位通风处理土壤石油烃污染对于土壤和地下水的有机污染控制具有极其重要的现实意义。本文以实地砂土,通过土柱试验研究了不同通风速率对土壤中汽油烃的去除效率,并通过土壤汽油烃含量和土壤挥发性有机物的监测数据估计了通风修复时间。结果表明。真空抽提通风速率越大,土壤中的汽油烃去除速率越快,但通风速率由400mL·min^-1提高到800mL·min^-1,土壤污染物修复效果差异不太明显,最佳的土壤通风速率为400mL·min^-1。土壤汽油烃监测数据的指数拟合曲线和土壤挥发性有机物监测数据进行的对数拟合曲线都能反映土壤污染物的衰减情况,二者分析得到的污染物通风修复时间有一定相关性。因为土壤挥发性有机物易于监测,可以以土壤气体中总挥发性有机物（TVOC）来估计土壤中污染物的衰减和估计土壤通风净化时间,并在实际土壤通风修复过程中通过土壤气体中TVOC的监测反映土壤污染修复状况,当TVOC浓度降低到10mL·m^-3以下时,修复过程基本可以结束。