Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Ash Content and Grain Yield in Wheat in the Peninsular Zone of India

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and ash content (m_a) have been proposed as indirect selection criteria for grain yield in wheat. The associations between Δ, m_a and grain yield were found, however, to depend highly on the environmental conditions, the organ sampled and the time of sampling. In this study, carried out in the warm conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India, the relationship between Δ, m_a and yield was studied in 30 bread and durum wheat cultivars under residual soil moisture stress (RSMS), post‐anthesis water stress (PAWS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Both Δ and m_a were analysed in young seedlings (four‐leaf stage), leaves at anthesis and grain at maturity. Ash content was also evaluated in leaves at booting stage and maturity. Grain Δ was lower under PAWS and RSMS than under WW, while seedling and leaf Δ did not significantly differ among water regimes. Grain yield was positively correlated to grain Δ under PAWS and negatively correlated to grain m_a under RSMS. A significant positive correlation was noted under RSMS and WW treatments between m_aL_m and grain yield. Ash content in leaf at maturity consequently appears to be a useful indirect selection criterion in environments where Δ does not show any correlation with yield. The results highlight the potential of Δ and m_a as indirect selection criteria for wheat yield in the conditions of the Peninsular Zone of India.     

外加剂和掺和料对砂浆性能影响的

当前，在水工棍凝土工程中，抹而砂浆的强度和抗渗性能越来越受到人们的重视通过对比试验，研究了减水剂、引气剂单掺、复掺及与硅粉、粉煤灰复掺，对砂浆强度和抗渗性能的影响，并从机理方面分析它们改善砂浆性能的原因结论是:减水剂、引气剂与硅粉、粉煤灰适当配比复掺，对砂浆的强度和抗渗性能的改善显著     

生物质灰渣与化肥混合对氨挥发的影响

采用室内恒温培养,碱液吸收法测定灰渣-化肥中氮的挥发量,研究了锯木灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰分别与不同化肥配比下,在一定时间内的氨挥发规律。结果表明:四种灰渣在N1、N2、N3水平下,随着时间的增加氨的挥发量和挥发率呈先增大后减小的趋势,各处理的峰值多出现在10~15 d的培养阶段;谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰添加磷酸二氢钾能明显抑制混合物中氨的挥发,而锯木灰添加氯化钾、磷酸二氢钾均能抑制氨的挥发;在四种灰渣中,锯木灰处理的氨挥发率明显高于其他三种灰渣,特别是在N3水平下比同期的其他灰渣处理高5倍。Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程均能较好拟合氨的挥发量随时间的变化,其相关系数均达到极显著水平。     

粉煤灰条形柱在水土保持坡改梯工程中的推广应用

通过对粉煤灰条形柱的特点分析,探讨粉煤灰条形柱在坡改梯工程中的应用.认为粉煤灰条形柱的应用缓解了大竹县条石紧缺矛盾,减少了对环境的污染,提高坡改梯埂坎的安砌质量和科技含量,减少劳动强度,降低工程造价,减少水土流失,美化周边环境,应扩大粉煤灰条形柱的应用范围.     

Dry farming with soils under natural tephra cover in Lanzarote, Spain

Abstract. The volcanic island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) is one of the most arid parts of the European Union. During the eruptions of 1730–36, a third of the island was covered with lava and pyroclastic material. In areas under basaltic tephra, an agrosystem has been developed that allows a form of dry farming that has become a key component of the local economy. This article illustrates the effectiveness of the layer of natural tephra mulch in conserving soil and water.     

Effects of Different Soil Amendments Application on Soil Aggregate Stability and Soil Consistency under Wetting and Drying Altered Planting System

ABSTRACT

How to address improving degraded soil has become an increased concern for agricultural production. Biomass ash is used for remediation of degraded soil and improvement in soil structure. To investigate the responses of aggregate stability and soil consistency by biomass ash and other amendments, a pot experiment with a degraded soil and seven treatments including a control (CK), no fertilizer or amendment; only N-P-K fertilizer (F); N-P-K fertilizer with lime (FL), lime and zeolite (FLZ), biomass ash (FBA), biological fertilizer (FBF) and peat ash (FPA), respectively, were conducted. Stability of soil aggregate, water-holding capacity, and soil consistency was analyzed within a lettuce-water spinach-lettuce planting system. Results showed that amendment additions significantly raised the fractions of >0.25 mm soil aggregate. Applications of biomass ash reduced the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) by 45.07%-59.97% and reduced the value of fractal dimension (D) by 1.79–2.16 during whole cultivation period, indicating the stability of soil aggregates. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in soil consistency because of significant relationship between SOM and soil consistency indicators including plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI) and liquidity index (LI). While, hydrodynamic characters and potential low clay content occurred in the soil treated with biomass ash during high moisture conditions. These findings suggest that the application of biomass ash improved the stability of soil aggregate, which improved the structural stability of degraded soil but may pose a risk to soil erosion by water force.     

Microbially Enhanced Phytoextraction of Heavy-Metal Fly-Ash Amended Soil

A study was carried out for the phytoextraction of metals by S. munja with the interventions of growth-promoting bacteria isolated from fly ash (FA). It was observed that when a consortium of Bacillus endophyticus NBRFT4, Paenibacillus macerans NBRFT5, and Bacillus pumilus NBRFT9 was inoculated in the rhizospheric zone of S. munja, it not only enhanced metal uptake through mobilization but also promoted the plant growth. A combined effect of both factors accelerated the phytoextraction of nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) by two- or three-fold. Plant growth and metal bioavailability both were promoted by the synthesis of siderophore (ACC), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid, and cytokinins by bacteria. In addition, bacteria might also change the speciation of metals to make it more water soluble for plant uptake. Hence, a microbe-based phytoextraction of metals from contaminated sites may be recommended for use as an environmentally sound technology in place of conventional methods.     

锤片式粉碎机工艺参数对水草饲料适口性和成品率影响的试验研究

以龙须眼子菜为代表的沉水植物是一种富含蛋白质、矿物质及维生素的良好饲料资源,但是由于水草表面吸附一层灰分与硫酸钠,作为饲料影响牛、羊的适口性。为了去除水草表面的粗灰分,找出影响水草的粗灰分去除率的最佳工艺参数,以内蒙古乌梁素海龙须眼子菜为研究对象,在不同含水率、转速和筛孔下利用锤片式粉碎机进行粗灰分去除率的正交试验研究,并对粉碎后的水草进行营养成分的检测,从不同的指标对这些数据进行方差分析。结果表明,在含水率约为17%,转速为4000 r/min,筛孔为8 mm时,水草粗灰分的去除效果较好,总的去除率达到70.8%,其中硫酸钠的去除率为34.7%。在方差分析的基础上利用灰色系统理论建立数学模型,预测不同工艺参数时水草的成品率,其最大误差为-1.69%,可以为粉碎机工艺参数的优化提供理论依据。     

Biogeomorphological influence of the Hawaiian silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC.) on soil erosion in Haleakala (Maui,Hawai'i)

Soils were examined at 2505 m elevation in Haleakala's crater (Maui, Hawai?i) beneath 50 adult Hawaiian silversword plants (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC.); mean canopy diameter was 42.0 cm. Exposed volcanic Inceptisols (Andic Humitropepts) seem significantly eroded beyond the dense rosette crowns, but remain unaffected below plants. Rosettes are perched on isolated basal soil mounds or pedestals 27–121 mm high (mean: 77.5 mm). Geomorphic field response of soils below rosettes and adjacent (∼ 100 cm apart) bare soils differs. Infiltration rates are higher under plants (mean: 158.7 mm/min) than in exposed control soils (60.0 mm/min). Soils below silverswords also show greater shear strength (146.1 g/cm²) and compressibility (2.795 kg/cm²) than unprotected soils (36.1 g/cm², and 0.108 kg/cm², respectively). Soil in the plant mounds contains more organic matter; this has influenced other pedological properties, which also differ substantially between sampling positions. Substrate under plants has a porosity ∼ 53% higher than exposed soil, while bulk density is 62% higher in soil outside the plant crown. The observed microtopographic differences are ascribed to greater soil erosion by rainsplash and runoff outside the silversword canopy. The dense rosette crown effectively intercepts raindrops; soils beneath plants also have a high surface cohesiveness provided by a dense network of fine plant rootlets and partially decomposed organic material. Higher runoff rates occur on the less permeable substrate beyond rosettes, which is affected by soil crusting.     

不同改良剂对退化黄壤及其下渗水养分的影响

以添加了改良剂的退化黄壤为研究对象,通过种植莴笋―空心菜―莴笋的盆栽试验,对比分析添加生物质灰渣改良剂与其他改良剂对蔬菜产量、土壤养分的影响,并进一步研究了不同改良剂处理下,退化土壤下渗水养分状况,以期为综合评价改良剂的修复效果提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)NPKH(氮磷钾化肥配施灰渣)和NPKW(氮磷钾化肥配施生物质肥)处理的莴笋产量增幅最大;(2)经改良剂处理的退化土壤有机质的含量和p H提高,随种植时间增加,土壤有机质含量均下降,但NPKH处理的下降幅度最小,其次为NPKC(氮磷钾化肥配施草炭)处理;各改良剂处理对碱解氮的影响差异并不明显,NPKH处理较其他处理能显著提高土壤有效磷(P)、速效钾(K)含量,其中有效P较NPK(单施化肥)处理提高了190.0%~242.9%;(3)单施化肥在退化土壤上易造成氮素的流失(总氮(TN)流失浓度22.08~39.06 mg L~(-1)),NPKH、NPKW和NPKC处理的下渗水TN浓度均低于其他处理;NO_3~--N是土壤氮素损失的主要形式,其变化趋势与TN较一致,呈极显著的相关关系(p0.01,r=0.869);在整个盆栽过程中,土壤下渗水总磷(TP)、可溶性磷(DP)浓度呈极显著的相关性(p0.01,r=0.892),DP浓度占TP的60%以上;NPKH处理中的灰渣含有大量的磷元素,除供作物生长外,部分会随水流失,其下渗水中TP和DP分别为0.70~1.35 mg L~(-1)和0.67~1.27 mg L~(-1),明显高于其他处理,易造成水体富营养化。