Role of active aluminum in the formation of water-stable macroaggregates

Soil structure is determined by the arrangement of particles in soil and the particles of sand, silt, and clay bind together into aggregates of various sizes by organic and inorganic materials. Structural stability which is the ability of the aggregates and pores to remain intact when subjected to stress, markedly affects crop production and soil erosion (Tisdall 1996). Since water, either directly as rainfall or as surface runoff is the main agent of aggregate breakdown, in the analyzes of stable soil aggregation, the term water-stable aggregation is generally used (Lynch and Bragg 1985). Water-stable aggregates have been divided into micro aggregates < 0.25 mm dia.) and macro aggregates (> 0.25 mm dia.) (Edwards and Bremner 1967; Tisdall and Oades 1982). Microaggregates show a relatively high stability against physical disruption (Edwards and Bremner 1967). On the other hand, macro aggregates are sensitive to soil management (Tisdall and Oades 1982).

There are many reports on the relationships between the aggregate stability and the soil physicochemical properties. For example, significant correlations were found between the aggregate stability and the amounts of organic C (Tisdall and Oades 1982), total N, and carbohydrates or the CEC (Chaney and Swift 1984). However, most of these studies were conducted in non-volcanic ash soils. Volcanic ash soils are widely distributed in Japan and are very important soils for crop production. The objective of this study was, therefore, to obtain more information on the relationship between the degree of macro aggregation and the soil physicochemical properties in non-volcanic and volcanic ash soils.     

成灰温度对三种生物质灰及其元素水溶性的影响

生物质灰及灰中化学元素的水溶特性是其是否能作为肥料应用的主要指标,成灰温度会影响这些特性。该文试验研究了成灰温度在400~800℃范围内,3种主要农业废弃物麦秸、玉米秸、稻壳的灰的水溶性和灰中各元素的水溶性。结果表明:1)麦秸灰、玉米秸灰的水溶性明显高于稻壳灰,三者水溶性都随成灰温度增高而显著降低,温度从400升高到800℃,水溶性分别从48%,35%和12%降至约12%,8%和0。2)灰中水溶元素主要有K,Cl和S,其中,K和Cl的水溶性随着成灰温度升高而降低,而S的水溶性几乎不受成灰温度的影响。     

粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土对麦田重金属元素分布影响的研究

采用盆栽试验方法 ,研究了粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土的改良效果及Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和As等重金属元素在小麦各部位的积累与分布。结果表明 :粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土可以降低土壤容重、比重及土壤粘粒含量 ,增加孔隙和土壤渗透系数。被吸收的重金属元素主要分布在根系中 ,其次是叶片 ,在茎杆、叶鞘及籽粒中的分布极少。根系对Cd和As具有富集作用 ;籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、As随用灰量的增加而增加 ,Hg则减少 ,但在 3 6× 10 4kg/hm2 的用灰量范围内 ,5种重金属元素在籽粒及土壤中的含量均在安全标准之内     

Establishment of trees on mixtures of pulverized fuel ash and Gypsum. Part II: Nutrition and trace elements

Nutrients and trace elements were determined in the foliage of nine tree species grown in mixtures of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum. No serious macronutrient deficiencies were observed. Treatments with PFA consistently increased foliar levels of boron, potassium and molybdenum, and the poor performance of some tree species in pure PFA was attributed to boron toxicity. Gypsum hindered the uptake of boron when mixed with PFA, however, and co-disposal of the two wastes could be used to minimize problems associated with boron toxicity.     

新西兰鹿的福利及实施措施

新西兰鹿业协会为加大鹿及鹿产品在国际市场上的竞争力,积极实施鹿福利制度。文中主要介绍了新西兰在鹿的运输、锯茸及饲养管理等方面所实施的具体福利措施。     

东北梅花鹿茸不同部位游离氨基酸含量的比较分析

选用10支东北梅花鹿茸,每支茸从顶端到基部分腊片、粉片、血片和骨片4个部位分别取样,测定分析各部位游离氨基酸含量。结果表明:东北梅花鹿茸腊片、粉片、血片和骨片游离氨基酸总量分别为1.96%、1.47%、1.24%和0.62%,必需游离氨基酸总量分别为0.57%、0.40%、0.35%和0.19%,各部位之间差异极显著。     

黄河三角洲地区不同林分云斑白条天牛的空间分布特点

云斑白条天牛对黄河三角洲地区的重要园林绿化树种白蜡树造成严重危害,研究不同林分类型的空间分布,对云斑白条天牛抽样调查和防治具有参考价值。通过调查片林、庭院绿化林、公路行道林、城区行道林和庭院行道林5种不同林分类型白蜡树林地云斑白条天牛的排粪孔、羽化孔和蛀孔的数量,统计分析其空间分布特点。计算聚集度指标、Iwao回归方程和Taylor幂指数方程结果表明,云斑白条天牛危害片林、庭院绿化林、公路行道林、城区行道林和庭院行道林5种林地时的排粪孔、羽化孔和蛀孔均表现为聚集分布,但不同林分类型的聚集度指标参数、Iwao回归方程的α和β值、Taylor幂指数方程lga和b存在一定差异。     

水曲柳天然林生物生产力及营养元素的积累与分布的研究

通过对样地水曲柳天然林的各器官生物量的测定和化学元素分析,研究了生物生产力及营养元素的积累与分布规律。结果表明:林龄为43a的水曲柳天然林乔木层地上部生物量为135.749 t/ha,其中干材为79.891 t/ha,干皮为13.191 t/ha,大枝(未着生叶)为23.961t/ha,小枝(着生叶)为12.830t/ha,叶为5.877 t/ha;乔木层地上部平均净初级生产力为4.539 t/ha·a,其中叶为1.519t/ha·a,仅次于干材;近期(5a)平均净初级生产力为8.390 t/ha·a,其中叶为4.012 t/ha·a,是器官之中最高者;地上各器官营养元素含量因器官、元素而异,但尤以叶的含量最高。根据分析结果,从植物营养学角度出发,提出了以发展针叶树为主的“栽阔养针”的观点,对生产实践具有重要指导意义。     

高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的最佳配比

为了全面有效地考虑多种因素对高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的影响,运用正交试验设计方法对高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖进行了试验。通过对试验结果的系统分析,优选出了具有最佳性能的配比方案,提出了目前适应高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的生产工艺。     

5种榕属植物不同发育阶段叶片的热值与灰分含量动态

对厦门园林植物园的5种榕属植物不同发育阶段叶片的灰分含量、干质量热值与去灰分热值的变化动态进行了初步研究。结果表明:①随着叶片的发育(从幼叶→成熟叶→老叶),灰分含量有升高的趋势,5种植物中老叶灰分含量均不是最低,说明叶片可能具有维持自身营养元素平衡的机制;②5种榕属植物不同发育阶段的叶片中,幼叶含有较高的干质量热值,不同发育阶段的榕属植物叶片干质量热值变化趋势因种而异;③5种榕属植物不同发育阶段叶片的干质量热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性相关(P<0 05);④不同发育阶段叶片去灰分热值的变化趋势因种而异,也不是固定不变的。表4参16