Response of microbial communities to water stress in irrigated and drought-prone tallgrass prairie soils

To better understand how water stress and availability affect the structure of microbial communities in soil, I measured the change in phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and the incorporation of ¹³C-labeled glucose into the PLFA following exposure to water stress. Overlaid on the laboratory water stress treatment, samples were collected from drought-prone and irrigated (11 years) tallgrass prairie soil (0-10 cm depth). In the laboratory, soils were either incubated at −250 kPa or dried steadily over a 3-d period to −45 MPa. On the fourth day, the dried samples were brought up to −250 kPa and then all samples received 250 μg of glucose-C (+4000 δ¹³C-PDB) solution that brought them to −33 kPa matric water potential. Samples were then extracted for PLFA following 6 and 24 h of incubation (25 °C). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) techniques and multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) showed that the largest effect on the mol% distribution of PLFA was related to the field scale water addition experiment. In response to irrigation, the PLFA 16:1ω5, 18:1+, and 18:2ω6,9 showed increases, and a15:0, a17:0, and cy19:0 showed decreases in their respective mol%. Effects related to the induction of laboratory water stress were predominantly associated with a decrease in the mol% distribution of the putative fungal biomarker (18:2ω6,9) with little to no change in the mol% distribution of the bacterial biomarkers. Interestingly, the flow of C to the microbial community was not strongly related to any single PLFA, and differences were rather subtle, but multivariate MRPP detected change to the community structure related to the laboratory water stress treatment but not related to the 11 years of field irrigation. Our results suggest that both the total and the actively metabolizing bacterial community in soil were generally resistant to the effects of water stress brought by rewetting of dry soil. However, more research is needed to understand the nature of the fungal response to drying and rewetting in soil.     

Decomposition in peatlands: Reconciling seemingly contrasting results on the impacts of lowered water levels

Northern peatlands represent about 30% of the global soil C pools. The C pool in peat is a result of a relatively small imbalance between production and decay. High water levels and the consequent anoxia are considered the major causes for the imbalance. As such, the C sink of a peatland is labile, and sensitive to disturbances in environmental conditions.Changes in peatland ecosystem functions may be mediated through land-use change, and/or climatic warming. In both cases, lowering of the water level may be the key factor. Logically, lowered water levels with the consequent increase in oxygen availability in the surface soil may be assumed to result in accelerated rates of organic matter decomposition. Yet, earlier research has given highly contrasting results concerning the effects of lowered water levels on the rates of decomposition and the C sink/source behaviour of peatlands. The mechanisms controlling this variation remain unresolved.This paper summarizes the changes observed in the biotic and abiotic controls of decomposition following natural or artificial lowering of peatland water levels and show that they are complex and their interactions have not been previously explored. Long-term changes in the C cycle may differ from short-term changes. Short-term changes represent a disturbance in the ecosystem adapted to the pre-water-level-lowering conditions, while long-term changes result from several adaptive mechanisms of the ecosystem to the new hydrological regime. While in a short term, the disturbed system will always lose C, the long-term changes inherently vary among peatland types, climates, and extents of change in the water level. The paper closes by identifying the gaps in our knowledge that need to be addressed when proceeding towards a causal and unifying explanation for the C sink/source behaviour of peatlands following persistent lowering of the water level.     

Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study

Leaf litters from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) trees were collected from mixed, deciduous woodlands growing on three soil types that varied in mineral nutrient concentrations and N mineralisation potential. Litter quality, including %N, %Mn, %P, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, Klason lignin, phenylpropanoid constituents of lignin, hexose and pentose sugar (mainly from hemicelluloses) varied within species according to soil type. However, oak and beech showed the opposite responses to soil nutrient status for most of these variables. The litters were incubated in the laboratory for 12 months (at 18 °C and constant moisture) on beds of forest floor material from two soils of contrasting high nutrient material (HNM) or low nutrient material (LNM) nutrient status to investigate litter quality and substrate interactions. At 4, 8 and 12 months there were significant differences in mass losses from oak and beech litters from all sites, and for each litter type exposed to the HNM and LMN soils. At 12 months mean mass losses were higher for HNM treatment (38.7% oak, 27.8% beech) than for the LNM treatment (30.6% oak, 25.5% beech). However, the beech and oak litters from the different sites consistently responded in opposite ways on the same soil treatment reflecting site-related effects on litter quality. Initial concentration of Klason lignin was the best predictor for mass losses from litter species and litter types. Intra-specific variation in rates of litter decomposition of beech and oak litters from different sites, and differences in their interactions with the two forest floor materials, illustrate the complexities of proximate controls on decomposition that are often masked in system-level studies.     

七彩湖公园景观设计探讨

本文介绍了七彩湖公园的植物与景观空间设计,重点对其植物群落进行了分析,并探讨了该公园绿地植物景观实际带来的启示。     

河套苹果梨不同行间套作物昆虫群落结构分析

通过对河套苹果梨产区不同果园行间套作物内昆虫群落调查,结果表明,河套地区果园天敌昆虫资源丰富。果园中主要害虫为害、益害虫比值及多样性指数与当地果园化学喷施次数密切相关;果树行间套种适宜作物或适宜种草有利于天敌昆虫的栖息,促进天敌昆虫数量的增加。     

防治烟草青枯病生物有机肥对土壤微生物菌群的影响及其抗病效果

通过大田试验研究了生物有机肥对烟田土壤微生物菌群的影响和对烟草青枯病的防治效果.结果表明,大田试验的4个处理中,施用生物有机肥的处理3和处理4对青枯病发病率降低较为明显.与对照相比,青枯病发病率分别降低21.9％和25.0％,烟叶产量提高5.7％和5.3％,上中等烟比例提高2.3％和2.6％.施用生物有机肥后,烟株根际土壤微生物不仅数量多,而且种类丰富;发病烟株根际土壤中细菌数量增加218.5％,种类比较单一.施用生物有机肥可以改善烟田土壤的生态环境、抑制病原菌生长、减少病害的发生和提高烤烟品质.     

不同海拔毛竹林节肢动物群落的组成与结构

对不同海拔毛竹林节肢动物群落的研究表明:海拔400、540、660、820和950m林下层分别有节肢动物93、76、76、61和48种,竹冠层分别有139、125、105、96和74种 各海拔林下层优势种和丰盛种多为天敌和中性昆虫,竹冠层则均为刺吸性害虫(螨) 随着海拔升高,二层次的物种数、多样性、均匀度均逐渐降低 随着海拔差异增大,群落物种组成差异增大,但竹冠层差异较林下层小     

百菌清重复施用后在土壤中的残留及其对微生物群落的影响

选择红壤与乌栅土作为实验土壤,研究不同浓度的百菌清重复施用后在两种土壤中的残留及其对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:当施用周期为7天、重复施用4次后,百菌清在红壤中的残留量高于乌栅土。百菌清重复施用4次后,红壤对照组土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力略低于5 mg/kg处理组,而显著高于25 mg/kg处理组(P0.05);乌栅土对照组土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力显著高于5 mg/kg处理组与25 mg/kg处理组(P0.05)。31种碳源主成分分析的结果表明:百菌清重复施用4次后对土壤微生物利用单一碳源的能力具有不同程度的影响,且在两种土壤类型之间存在差异。     

辽河源典型森林群落下枯落物的水文特性

以辽河源自然保护区典型森林群落为对象,对其下枯落物储量和持水量等水文特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区枯落物总储量变化范围为7.92~15.56t/hm2,60a林龄油松纯林储量最大,华北落叶松纯林最小;(2)研究区最大持水率变化范围为164.12%~333.06%,最大持水率大小排序为:杨桦混交林华北落叶松纯林50a油松纯林60a油松纯林40a油松纯林;(3)研究区最大持水量变化范围为21.31~38.13t/hm2,最大持水量大小依次为:杨桦混交林60a油松纯林50a油松纯林华北落叶松纯林40a油松纯林;(4)对枯落物持水过程进行回归分析,各群落枯落物未分解层和半分解层持水量与浸水时间之间均服从对数函数回归关系(R0.87),持水速率与浸泡时间之间均符合幂函数关系(R0.87)。     

宁夏黄土区不同植物群落土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

本文研究了宁夏南部山区典型植物群落土地不同利用方式下土壤质量的变化。结果表明:（1）典型长芒草群落土地,开垦地比封禁地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量明显降低,降低幅度分别为19.5%、20.1%、17.6%、13.0%、77.8% 和47.5%。脲酶活性为开垦地封禁地,蔗糖酶则表现为封禁地开垦地,中性磷酸酶差异不明显。（2）铁杆蒿群落土地三种利用方式下:放牧地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾等养分含量较封禁地与开垦地有一定幅度的增加;放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁地的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶活性高于封禁地。脲酶活性在土层之间变化较小,最高为放牧地表层177.6 mg/(kg.h),最低为开垦地表下层114.5 mg/(kg#8226;h),蔗糖酶活性层次之间变化明显,其中放牧地表层为表下层的3倍左右。长芒草群落土壤表层各级微团聚体表现为封禁地远大于开垦地,铁杆蒿群落土地不同利用方式下各级微团聚体表现不同,结构系数表现为表层表下层,保持率则为表层表下层。结构系数与保持率均表现为封禁地放牧地开垦地。（3）在轻度放牧条件下,土壤养分状况、酶活性有所提高,但土壤微团聚体中的结构系数与保持率则明显降低。