Land surface roughness impacted by typical vegetation restoration projects on aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley,southern Tibetan plateau

Aeolian sandy lands are widespread and desertification is recognized as one of the main environmental issues in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley, southern Tibetan plateau. The surface microtopographic variations induced by the near soil surface characteristics of plant communities are important compositions of land surface roughness, which likely influence wind erosion. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of typical vegetation restoration on land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands, and to identify the main influencing factors of land surface roughness in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Two bare sandy lands (as controls) and eight vegetated sandy lands with different restoration communities and ages were selected, and land surface roughness (LSR), as represented by surface microtopographic variations in this study, was measured by photogrammetric surveys. The results showed that LSR significantly increased by 7.9–16.8 times after vegetation restoration on the aeolian sandy lands, and varied among different restoration communities and ages. The mostly restored communities of Sophora moorcroftiana and Populus L. had greater LSR as compared to Artemisia wellbyi and Hedysarum scoparium. With succession from 6 to over 30 years, LSR gradually increased in the Sophora moorcroftiana restored sandy lands, but decreased in the Populus L. restored sandy lands. The variations of LSR were mainly attributed to the differences in near soil surface characteristics of vegetation (plant stem diameter and coverage, and plant residue density) and biological soil crusts (coverage and thickness). Mixed plantation of Populus L. and Sophora moorcroftiana was considered as the best restoration communities because of their effectiveness in increasing land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. The results would facilitate the understanding of the benefits of vegetation restoration in controlling wind erosion on the aeolian sandy lands.     

不同施肥量对稻鸭共作稻田生态系统有害生物群落的控制效应

就不同施肥量对稻鸭共作稻田生态系统有害生物群落影响进行了试验。结果表明:稻鸭共作区对稻飞虱、二化螟和纵卷叶螟的除虫效果明显好于常规化防治区,除草和控病效果与常规化防区无异,不同施肥量处理间的效果与施肥量呈负相关,综合各种因素考虑,生产上可采用减量施肥的方式,施用纯氮7.5 kg/667 m2,既保证了水稻的稳产、高产,又降低了农田化学品投入总量。     

哈尔滨市不同绿地植物群落重金属分析与种植对策

采用野外调查与室内实验分析相结合的方法,以哈尔滨市街道广场绿地、单位附属绿地、苗圃生产绿地的“乔灌草密林、乔灌草疏林、灌木密林”植物群落为研究对象,综合评价不同植物群落土壤的重金属Zn、Cu、Pb含量与污染程度,对比分析不同植物群落的重金属修复效应及树木含水量、全氮、全磷含量与土壤重金属富集的相关性.结果表明:土壤重金属修复能力为乔灌草密林＞灌木密林＞乔灌草疏林;植物根系重金属富集能力最强,其中小根对锌、铜富集能力较强,大根、中根对铅富集能力较强;树种富集重金属能力显著不同,梓树、黄檗对铜富集能力较强,铺地柏、红皮云杉、小叶丁香对铅富集能力较强,紫丁香、胡桃楸对锌富集能力较强;树木富集铜和锌的能力与其叶片含水量、叶片全磷含量密切相关.为了有效修复土壤重金属污染,提出了优先选用耐重金属植物、努力提高乔灌木小根数量、科学营造乔灌草复层群落等种植对策.     

Bacterial communities and predicted nitrogen metabolism of heterotrophic‐ and probiotic‐based biofilms used for super‐intensive indoor shrimp culture

Biofilm‐based aquaculture systems constitute a promising alternative for intensive shrimp rearing. Microorganisms forming biofilms can recycle the nitrogen compounds the production units improving the water quality while using zero or limited water exchange. This study aimed to compare the taxonomic profiles and the predicted functions related to the transformation of nitrogenous compounds between a heterotrophic‐ (HtB) and a probiotic biofilm (PrB), and the effect of these on the water quality and the productive response of cultured shrimp. Libraries of the 16S‐rRNA gene (V3‐V4 region) were prepared and sequenced to be used as a taxonomic biomarker. Analysis of metagenomic datasets revelated that genera Halomonas, Planctomycetes and Rhodopirellula were the most abundant genera in HtB; meanwhile, Bacillus, Halobacillus and Flavobacterium dominated in PrB. Regarding nitrogen metabolism, the proportion of genes encoding enzymes catalyzing the six pathways shaping the nitrogen metabolism showed differences between biofilms, which could also explain the difference in water quality between treatments. Concerning the productive response of shrimp, no significant differences were detected except for survival, which was higher in PrB. Finally, the results suggest that biofilms harbour functions for nitrogen metabolism, including dissimilatory nitrate reduction, assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification, nitrification, nitrogen fixation and anammox; however, the balance of these functional capabilities seems to be relevant to maintain water quality.     

铅锌矿区土壤细菌群落多样性分析

对黑龙江省铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染与土壤中细菌群落结构多样性间的关系进行了研究,并分析了土壤的理化性质和土壤酶活性.PCR-DGGE图谱、DGGE聚类分析图谱、细菌群落丰富度(S)均表明土壤细菌群落结构随着重金属污染程度的加剧发生了相应变化,Shannon-Weaver指数达极显著水平差异(P＜0.01),且显著低于非矿区土壤.铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染严重,铅锌质量分数较非矿区有明显地增加;土壤酶活性与非矿区土壤酶活性均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),土壤重金属质量分数与土壤酶活性呈显著负相关.可见,铅锌矿区重金属污染导致土壤环境质量发生变化,严重影响着土壤中细菌群落结构多样性.     

西泉眼水库消落带水生植物群落及分布特点

通过对西泉眼水库消落带现有植被的调查,分析了消落带植物物种组成、生活型和群落结构特征等现状,并运用TWINSPAN法对消落带植物群落进行数量分类,以积累西泉眼水库消落带植物群落的生态学数据,为消落带湿地生态系统的保护、恢复提供科学依据.调查发现:研究区植物有27科57属82种植物,种类最多的为禾本科(Gramineae)和菊科(Asteraceae);研究区植物较为丰富但植物地理成分简单,研究区植物生活型多以一年生和多年生草本植物为主;湿生植物占优势,水生植物较为匮乏.     

Fish trait diversity in littorals of two floodplain lakes of the highly biodiverse Caura River,Venezuela

We studied the trait diversity and structure in the fish communities of two floodplain lakes of the Caura River: Aricagua and Paramuto, during one hydrological cycle. We calculated taxonomic and a functional alpha and beta diversities and made comparisons among hydrological seasons and among habitats within each lake based on rarefactions. The trait structure was explored with an RLQ (analysis of a table R of environmental conditions, a table L of abundances of species and a table Q of species traits) analysis, and pairwise relationships between environmental variables and traits were explored with fourth‐corner analyses. Despite its smaller extension, Paramuto showed higher alpha taxonomic and trait diversities. The substrates of open sand and those covered by leaf litter were the most diverse habitats in terms of both species and traits. The trait structure of the fish communities was influenced by the hydrological seasons, the lakes as well as water pH and temperature, and in a lesser degree dissolved oxygen, habitat type and total dissolved solids in the water. These factors constitute the habitat templet for the fish community's composition and trait structure.     

天目山自然保护区与周边社区的冲突和成因分析

以天日山自然保护区为对象,通过对天日山自然保护区管理局、西天日乡政府、周边社区不同类型村民代表及科技人员等主要相关利益者的12个小组访谈,及104个衣户和59个社会公众的问卷调查,分析了天日山自然保护区与周边社区的主要冲突：①野生竹笋抚育经营受限,社区居民经济收入减少;(9补偿措施不到位,社区居民预期收益未能兑现;③保护区总体规划滞后,当地项目投资开发受限;④限制采薪烧炭,给当地居民生活带来不便;⑤旅游开发后．环境质量和社会治安状况变差。并就自然保护区与周边社区冲突成因进行了分析：①自然保护区的外部性是客观基础;②保护理念和模式落后是认知原因;③产权交易机制不健全是制度原因。