服务导向的农村新社区工作者队伍建设调查研究

选取嘉兴市南湖区有代表性的农村新社区为研究对象,采用问卷和访谈的形式,从社区工作者基本情况、工作效能、服务态度方面对农村新社区工作者队伍建设现状进行调查研究。研究发现,当前社区工作者的工作内容和工作方式难以满足农村新社区居民日益增长的服务需求,农村新社区的管理需要提高社区工作者的政治觉悟和素养、学习和实践能力、服务效能,制定社区工作者长远发展规划,做到有针对性地开展社区工作者队伍建设工作,实现社区工作者工作的职业化、专业化和社会化。     

居家养老服务系统的研究与构建——以长春明珠社区为例

通过研究中国人口老龄化与居家养老服务的现状,对比国内外居家养老服务系统的不同点,采用C++语言,基于VC++6.0和SQL Server 2000工具下开发长春明珠社区居家养老服务系统.本系统运行快速 稳定,可移植性强,实现了居家养老的信息化,建立了有关老年人居家养老的详细信息库,是社区服务的一次大胆尝试.本系统将有巨...     

云南元江干热河谷区植被梯度下土壤真菌群落研究

为了探讨极端环境因素是否会干扰植被对真菌群落的影响,采用克隆文库和变性凝胶梯度电泳（DGGE）的方法对云南元江干热河谷区植被梯度下土壤真菌群落的组成进行了研究。研究发现,尽管植被梯度变化显著,从灌丛过渡到草地,但是地下真菌的群落的变化比较微弱。主要真菌群落由Ascomycota组成,占全部克隆的70%。比较显著的群落组成差异是在不同的土层之间。特别是Ascomycota和Basidiomycota这两大类真菌的比例在腐殖质土和矿质土层间呈现很大差异,Ascomycota主要集中在表层腐殖质土中,而Basidiomycota主要分布在矿质土层中。研究结果与其他一般研究发现的植被变化决定土壤微生物变化不同,元江地区极端干燥炎热的环境干扰了地表植被对地面土壤真菌的群落组成,并呈现出与其它地区不一样的群落组成。     

Does the effect of forest roads extend a few meters or more into the adjacent forest? A study on understory plant diversity in managed oak stands

Roads are recognised as having different ecological roles such as barrier, corridor or habitat, but the spatial extent of road effects on plant communities in forests remains unclear. We studied the effect of forest road distance on plant understory diversity at 20 sites in young and adult oak stands in a French lowland forest with a long history of management and road construction. All vascular and bryophyte species were collected at five distances ranging from the road verge to 100 m into the adjacent forest stand. We analysed species composition, individual species response, a priori life-history traits response – life form, habitat preference and dispersal mode – and environmental indicator values in relation to road distance and stand age. Plant composition strongly differed between road verge and forest interior habitats. The main road effect extended less than 5 m into the forest stand. A third habitat was detected at the forest-road edge resulting from the road effect on light and soil conditions, and from edge-specific topography. Non-forest species were almost absent from the forest interior. In contrast, many bryophytes and several vascular plants kept away from the road. We identified a posteriori six species groups that better explained the variability of plant response profiles than a priori life-history traits. Plant response to road distance was also dependent on stand age: some species colonised from the road into the forest interior in young stands following regeneration cutting, while other species displayed the reverse pattern in adult stands once canopy closed above the forest road. Even if the depth of forest road effect measured in lowland managed stands was narrow, building of a new forest road has non-negligible effects on plant population dynamics. Forest managers should take into account the impacts of roads on biodiversity, since the expected intensification of silviculture in response to global changes is set to accentuate the effect of forest roads. We recommend further study on the role of dispersal by vehicles (i.e. agestochory) in road effects.     

What can tree plantations do for forest birds in fragmented forest landscapes? A case study in southern Brazil

Despite the fact that tree plantations are not able to completely replace the ecological function of natural forests, the present study proposes to evaluate for which bird species or avian groups tree plantations act as habitat in fragmented landscape in southern Brazil. We compared the richness and abundance of bird species in a natural forest to adjacent plantations of Araucaria, a native tree species and of pine, an exotic plant in South America. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of tree plantations on richness of avian groups with different levels of dependence on forest habitat, feeding habits and foraging strata as well as on threatened species. The fixed 100 m radius point-counts method was used. A total of 114 bird species were recorded in all areas. Of those, 93 occurred in natural forest, 87 in Araucaria plantations and 81 in pine plantations. These results indicate that richness and abundance were lower in the pine plantations than in the natural forest and in the Araucaria plantations. Araucaria plantations can be used by a high number of bird species and their richness was not significantly lower than that observed in the adjacent natural forest. Our results suggest that Araucaria plantations could act as habitat for a large number of bird species, especially for forest-dependents species, insectivores, frugivores and species at different threat categories.     

确定森林群落最小调查面积的方法

研究分析了来自中国、蒙古、缅甸、南非和德国的具有林木空间位置坐标和树种组成的试验地数据,提出了利用模型和数学手段确定森林群落最小面积的新方法.通过从样地中心设立方形样方并按10 m的间隔逐渐扩大样地边长并统计树种数的方法获取种-面积数据,并建立种-面积模型,令模型二阶导数为零或近似为零(1×10-6)来确定最小面积.研究还发现,最小面积和最大树种数的关系可用半对数模型很好描述,实践中可直接借助本研究所提出的模型用潜在的树种数来估计调查所需的最小面积.     

现代黄河三角洲植物群落数量分类研究

采用TWINSPAN和DCA排序方法对现代黄河三角洲植物群落进行了数量分类。TWINSPAN将研究区植被分为碱蓬群落、柽柳群落和草本群落3大类,包括12个群落类型。采用3类物种多样性指数,计算了各群落的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性。结果表明,从碱蓬群落、柽柳群落到草本群落过渡,多样性指数和丰富度指数逐渐增加。均匀度指数在碱蓬群落和柽柳群落波动较大,而在草本群落波动较小。DCA排序结果表明,决定现代黄河三角洲植物分布类型的环境因子主要是土壤盐分和水文状况。在土壤含盐量较高区域,植物群落物种组成单一,群落结构简单;在土壤含盐量较低区域,组成群落的植物物种丰富,群落结构复杂。      

火频度和火强度对植物群落结构稳定性的影响

对黑河地区近20a的火烧迹地天然次生林进行了调查分析。结果表明:植被群落中物种的均匀性、稳定性呈现出未烧对照地>1次轻度火烧迹地>1次中度火烧迹地、多次轻度火烧迹地>多次中度火烧迹地、1次重度火烧迹地>多次重度火烧迹地。多次重度火烧、多次中度火烧、1次重度火烧对植物群落稳定性均有很大影响,乔木优势建群种种数随干扰程度增加明显减少,甚至导致严重逆行演替。     

保试达（GLA）防除香蕉园杂草的药效及其对杂草群落的动态影响

通过田间试验研究新型膦酸类除草剂保试达(dufosinate-ammonium,GLA)防除香蕉园杂草的药效、杀草谱、安全性以及杂草群落次生演替动态,共设保试达200,250,300g/666.7 m2,克芜踪250 g/666.7 m2,百速顿250g/66.7 m2和清水对照6个处理.结果表明,保试达防除香蕉园杂草的药效均比克芜踪、百速顿好,防效的差异达极显著水平;保试达对优势杂草小飞蓬[Gonyza canadensis(L.)Cronq]防效达到100%;各处理对香蕉主茎植株无任何药害.但对香蕉基部蘖芽伤害水平达3～4级;处理试验45 d后,克芜踪处理的杂草群落多样性的丰富度、均匀度、密度-类群等指数显著区别于3个浓度的保试达试验处理,各处理的群落问相似性指数差异十分显著.综合分析可得,保试达250～300g/66.7 m2对香蕉园恶性和抗性杂草有较好防效功能,对香蕉园杂草群落次生演替有显著抑制作用.     

武汉市森林植物群落研究

植物群落调查是植物资源开发利用的基础,文章运用植被社会学和计算重要值的方法,通过对九峰等九个地域的森林植被进行调查分析,结果表明,武汉市目前森林植被较为丰富,主要分为9个植物群落,以常绿落叶阔叶混交林为主;同时选出部分种类,为引种驯化提供借鉴。