宁夏近18年植被动态变化遥感时序分析

使用18年的PATHFINDER 8km NDVI研究了宁夏全区及4个区域的植被变化特征,结果表明:①宁夏全区植被具有明显的一年一季的季节特征,生长季为5月上旬至10月中旬,植被指数的年变幅为0.05～0.25;不同区域存在不同的季节特征,中部植被指数峰值仅为0.2,灌区植被指数最晚达到峰值;南部山区植被指数最早达到峰值,贺兰山区表现出明显的森林植被特征,NDVI变化幅度较灌区和南部山区小,冬季植被指数又较其他区域高.近18年来,全区平均生长季已延长一句,主要表现为生长季在春季提早一旬开始.②在1982-1999年,宁夏全区年平均植被指数有增加的趋势,表明宁夏全区植被基本保持稳定或略有改善,20世纪90年代相对于80年代,平均植被指数有所增加,生长季平均植被指数80年代以负距平为主,90年代以正距平为主;中部植被指数最低,贺兰山区植被指数最高.灌区、贺兰山区和南部山区的植被指数均较全区平均NDVI高,灌区、南部山区和中部均表现出与全区类似的植被增长趋势,而贺兰山区植被从1982-1988年呈增长趋势,之后呈下降趋势.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库特征

采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、物种多样性以及相似性特征.结果表明:阴、阳坡10个样地中,共萌发了55种2203株幼苗,隶属于23科48属;总密度达到5 505±625.537粒/m2,且0～5 cm土层远远大于5～10 cm土层的土壤种子库密度,约是其4.6倍;丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数均未与恢复年限达到显著相关水平,但生态优势度随恢复年限的增加呈上升趋势,且阳坡上升的趋势比阴坡明显;组成成分相似性系数变化范围为0.0952～0.7143,恢复年限相距越大,其相似性越小,说明植被恢复演替的过程也是土壤种子库空间异质性加大的过程.     

策勒西部荒漠-绿洲过渡带地下水特征及生态影响分析

荒漠-绿洲过渡带属于典型的干旱区生态环境脆弱带,在这交错带上植被的生长与分布受地下水环境状况(地下水埋深、水质)制约,显示出地下水重要的生态调控作用。通过对过渡带的观测井数据资料进行分析,结果表明:地下水埋深的年内变化趋势与地表径流变化联系紧密,埋深最高一般发生在1~3月,埋深最低一般发生7~9月,最大变幅在0.23~2.25m之间;地下水中对矿化度起主要作用的阳离子是(Na++K+),Mg2+次之,Ca2+最小,阴离子是C l-、SO42-,HCO3-次之,CO32-在其中的比重最小,几乎为零;矿化度小于5g/L,植被生长不会受到抑制,植被生长与分布主要取决地下水埋深。     

岩下大鲵自然保护区不同植被及其涵水功能初探

根据群落调查和统计分析结果,并参考《中国植被》分类原则,将岩下大鲵自然保护区植被分为针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林、竹林、经济林和灌草坡7个主要植被型,并对部分植被型进一步分类。从林冠层、枯落物层、土壤层及岩性几个方面对保护区的不同植被类型涵养水源功能进行评价。     

Early pathogen detection under different water status and the assessment of spray application in vineyards through the use of thermal imagery

Remote detection using thermal imagery has potential for use in the pre-symptomatic diagnosis of abiotic stress or of early disease detection. The latter is an issue of great importance since late detection of fungus attacks or poor spray coverage are major factors contributing to weak disease control affecting fruit quality or reducing yield in grapes. In greenhouse experiments the effects on spatial and temporal variability of leaf temperature of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling) leaves inoculated with a fungal pathogen (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & Curt. Ex de Bary) were studied in either well-irrigated or non-irrigated potted plants. Due to the high sensitivity of leaf temperature to the amount of water transpired, infra-red thermography can be used to monitor irregularities in temperature at an early stage of pathogen development. Evidence for characteristic thermal responses in grapevines was apparent well before visible symptoms appeared. Contrasting thermal effects due to the pathogen attack were found between measurements on well-irrigated and water-stressed plants. Furthermore, from a technical point of view, thermal imagery has the potential to assess the evenness of spray coverage within a canopy, hence optimizing pesticide application efficiency.     

VI-LST遥感模型在福建省干旱灾害监测中的应用

植被指数(VI)和地表温度(LST)是描述地表特征信息的2个重要参数.本研究采用基于VI和LST特征空间的遥感模型对2000年以来福建省三起比较严重的干旱灾害进行监测分析,结果表明:采用增强型植被指数(EVI)拟合特征空间干边方程的相关系数高于采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)拟合干边方程的相关系数.VI-LST遥感模型能客观地反映地表水分供应状况,较好地反映区域旱情的空间分布和旱情动态发展过程,干旱灾害的卫星遥感监测结果与地面气象监测结果基本一致,在福建省抗旱减灾工作中具有一定的实用价值.     

基于RS技术的石期河流域植被变化分析

通过对石期河流域19912、002年两期遥感数据进行一系列标准化处理,运用混合像元模型反演出植被覆盖度,求解出石期河流域1991~2002年的植被覆盖变化情况。结果表明,整个石期河流域植被覆盖水平呈逐步退化的趋势。1991~2002年,石期河流域植被覆盖总面积由909.259 km2减少到882.611 km2,减少了19.993 km2,占到整个流域面积的2.19%。植被覆盖地区的覆盖度水平也有明显的变动,主要体现在中等植被覆盖度(50%~80%)面积的不断缩小,低植被覆盖度(<30%)面积的扩大。     

森林涵养水源功能及其生态补偿机制构建——以广西大瑶山自然保护区为例

对广西大瑶山自然保护区森林冠层、林下灌草层、林地枯枝落叶层及林地土壤层4个水文层次的涵养水源功能进行了效益计量调查研究,结果表明,该区森林植被总贮蓄水量为27508×104m3,年平均直接或间接的生态经济效益价值为3.75亿元,这对于维护周边地区的生态安全和可持续发展具有重要作用。根据该区森林涵养水源的效益计量调查状况提出了相应的生态补偿机制构建。     

大青山不同植被下的地表径流和土壤侵蚀

该文以内蒙古大青山6种植被为对象,在不考虑林冠层作用的条件下,于2006—2007年用人工降雨方法,以地表径流和土壤侵蚀为指标,研究不同植被条件下地表的产流产沙状况,并就降雨因子、坡度、凋落物、地被物、土壤等因子与产流产沙的相关性进行探讨,以期为大青山生态环境建设和植被恢复与保护提供依据。结果表明:①４种林地间凋落物特性和土壤物理特性差别较大,白桦山杨林的减流减沙功能最好,落叶松林次之,油松林最差;② 6种植被的水土保持功能不同,差别较大,产沙量大小依次为油松林＞未封育荒草坡地＞落叶松林＞虎榛子林＞已封育荒草坡地＞白桦山杨林,油松林的产沙量是白桦山杨林的218倍;③ 坡度、降雨强度和降雨量对产流产沙影响较大,随坡度、降雨强度和降雨量的增大而增加;④ 降雨季节不同,产流量也不同,主要取决于活地被物层干燥度和凋落物层自然含水率;⑤对于荒草坡地,产流量与坡度和降雨量相关性较大,产沙量与径流量和降雨量相关性较大;对于森林植被,产流量与凋落物厚度和降雨量相关性较大,产沙量与径流量和凋落物厚度相关性较大。      

Vegetation succession process induced by reforestation in erosion areas

Reforestation is one of the most important and efficient measures of water and soil conservation. Based on field investigations in the Shangyang Soil Conservation and Reforestation Station in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, we studied the variation in vegetation development, vegetation succession processes and soil erosion. The regional vegetation consists mainly of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests (MEBF). The area was deforested and became a denuded hill area with extremely high soil erosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Then, the area was closed in order to allow recovery of the vegetation. Under natural conditions the vegetation development and succession processes were slow during which soil erosion and strong sunshine and evaporation slowed down the development of the vegetation. About 25 years later, the vegetation cover was still merely 35% or so. The dominant vegetation types were heliophilous herbage and shrubs which formed a poorly developed shrub-herbage community and erosion remained high. In contrast, reforestation with selected tree species dramatically speeded up the vegetation succession process. About 12 years after reforestation, vegetation cover of the Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Shangyang Station was 90% and erosion was under control. After 23 years, understory vegetation, consisting of indigenous species, had developed in the plantations. The planted trees and naturally developing herbage, shrubs, bamboo, local trees and liana formed a complex vegetation community in three layers. It will take 60 years for the vegetation to succeed from bare land to a secondary growth forest under natural conditions. Reforestation may speed up the vegetation succession process. The time may be reduced to 20 years. Reforestation is the most effective measure of vegetation restoration and erosion control in this area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2558–2565 [译自: 生态学报]