Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

Upscaling as ecological information transfer: a simple framework with application to Arctic ecosystem carbon exchange

Transferring ecological information across scale often involves spatial aggregation, which alters information content and may bias estimates if the scaling process is nonlinear. Here, a potential solution, the preservation of the information content of fine-scale measurements, is highlighted using modeled net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of an Arctic tundra landscape as an example. The variance of aggregated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), measured from an airborne platform, decreased linearly with log(scale), resulting in a linear relationship between log(scale) and the scale-wise modeled NEE estimate. Preserving three units of information, the mean, variance and skewness of fine-scale NDVI observations, resulted in upscaled NEE estimates that deviated less than 4% from the fine-scale estimate. Preserving only the mean and variance resulted in nearly 23% NEE bias, and preserving only the mean resulted in larger error and a change in sign from CO₂ sink to source. Compressing NDVI maps by 70–75% using wavelet thresholding with the Haar and Coiflet basis functions resulted in 13% NEE bias across the study domain. Applying unique scale-dependent transfer functions between NDVI and leaf area index (LAI) decreased, but did not remove, bias in modeled flux in a smaller expanse using handheld NDVI observations. Quantifying the parameters of statistical distributions to preserve ecological information reduces bias when upscaling and makes possible spatial data assimilation to further reduce errors in estimates of ecological processes across scale.     

地被植物在南京仙林大学城景观规划中的应用

阐述园林地被植物的概念、生态习性,调查研究南京仙林大学城绿地中常见的多年生草本地被植物,同时对地被植物在景观规划中的配置应用及存在的问题进行探讨。     

Water use of spring wheat to raise water productivity

In semi-arid environments with a shortage of water resources and a risk of overexplotation of water supplies, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crop that can reduce water use and increase water productivity, because it takes advantage of spring rainfall and is harvested before the evaporative demands of summer. We carried out an experiment in 2003 at “Las Tiesas” farm, located between Barrax and Albacete (Central Spain), to improve accuracy in the estimation of wheat evapotranspiration (ETc) by using a weighing lysimeter. The measured seasonal ETc averages (5.63 mm day⁻¹) measured in the lysimeter was 417 mm compared to the calculated ETc values (5.31 mm day⁻¹) calculated with the standard FAO methodology of 393 mm. The evapotranspiration crop coefficient (Kc) derived from lysimetric measurements was Kc-mid: 1.20 and Kc-end: 0.15. The daily lysimeter Kc values were fit to the evolution linearly related to the green cover fraction (fc), which follows the crop development pattern. Seasonal soil evaporation was estimated as 135 mm and the basal crop coefficient approach was calculated in this study, Kcb which separates crop transpiration from soil evaporation (evaporation coefficient, Ke) was calculated and related to the green cover fraction (fc) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by field radiometry in case of wheat. The results obtained by this research will permit the reduction of water use and improvement of water productivity for wheat, which is of vital importance in areas of limited water resources.     

荒漠草原植被覆盖对土壤水分的影响

以希拉穆仁草原为研究对象,通过对不同植被覆盖下土壤水分进行测定,研究了荒漠草原植被覆盖对土壤水分的影响,结果表明:植被覆盖度与土壤水分之间具有显著的相关关系,尤其是10 cm深度范围内土壤水分随植被盖度呈二次抛物线性趋势增加(R2=0.904 9);由于根系层分布的差异使得土壤剖面不同深度上对这种影响的水分响应不尽相同,灌丛植被覆盖的土壤水分含量在剖面0～40cm范围内明显大于其他植被类型,以坡顶土壤含水量最低;荒漠草原植被覆盖状况变化不仅影响土壤水分含量大小,而且显著影响土壤水分的空间分布,退化较轻的河滩草甸植被有利于维持相对均匀的土壤水分空间分布.     

冀东滦下灌区种植结构调整策略的研究

分析了冀东滦下灌区四县稻田土壤耕层的全盐含量和地下水矿化度,并依据我国盐渍土壤划分标准和不同作物的耐盐能力,将该稻区划分为宜稻区、盐生植物种植区、耐盐作物种植区和大田旱作物种植区,并提出了各个区域的种植技术方案及配套的工程技术措施。     

景谷县植物多样性调查

在分析景谷县的有关植物研究基础后,记载了景谷县森林植被,国家珍稀濒危保护植物,统计了全县植物种类数量,在此基础上分析了主要经济植物资源,并讨论了确定了景谷县森林植物区系敏感区的原则,根据其原则确定景谷县威远江流域、小黑江流域等７个地区为景谷县森林植物区系敏感区。     

秸秆覆盖对沟灌水盐迁移与玉米水分利用效率的影响

为研究河套灌区盐渍化土壤垄背地膜和秸秆覆盖下的沟灌土壤水盐迁移特征,明晰沟灌作物产量及水分利用效率的变化规律,设置垄背秸秆覆盖量分别为0.3（P0.3）、0.6（P0.6）、0.9（P0.9）、1.2kg/m 2 （P1.2）和常规覆膜（DM）、裸地不覆盖（CK）6种处理,于2019年进行沟灌灌水试验,对比分析了不同秸秆覆盖量下玉米生育期前后沟断面土壤水盐分布、作物产量及水分利用效率的变化情况。结果表明：玉米苗期,覆膜和秸秆覆盖处理能显著降低作物无效耗水,保证生育后期对水分的需求;抽雄灌浆期,覆膜增温效应促进了作物生长,DM处理玉米耗水强烈,土壤储水量最低;玉米成熟期,垂直方向土壤水分运动较前期减弱。整体来看,P1.2、P0.9处理蓄水保墒效果较好（P<0.05）。沟灌灌水定额较小、盐分淋洗效果较差,且受土壤蒸发及地下水补给作用,因此造成根系层盐分累积。覆膜和秸秆覆盖处理均能有效抑制盐分聚集,P1.2和P0.9处理生育末期的土壤含盐量较初始含盐量增幅较小,分别为14.10%和24.74%。P0.9和DM处理产量和水分利用效率较CK分别提高20.01%、25.46%和11.32%、15.29%,增幅较大;过量秸秆覆盖造成播期土壤温度偏低,会影响玉米出苗,P1.2处理玉米产量和水分利用效率较DM处理略有降低,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。采用主成分分析法对沟灌秸秆覆盖下土壤保墒抑盐效果、玉米出苗、产量以及水分利用效率等因素进行综合评价,初步确定适宜的沟灌秸秆覆盖模式,建议采用0.9~1.2kg/m 2 的垄背秸秆覆盖量代替常规地膜覆盖,以减小地膜残留带来的环境污染。本研究可为灌区农业栽培提供一定借鉴。     

准噶尔盆地绿洲-沙漠过渡带植被时空演变特征

通过对准噶尔盆地绿洲-沙漠过渡带的植被种群和覆盖度的调查,以及1989年和2000年两期TM影像景观格局的解译,运用时间动态度和Ripley's K函数的方法分析了准噶尔盆地绿洲-沙漠过渡带植被的时空变化特征.结果表明,1989～2000年,研究区内人为垦地幅度较大,农田面积增加,而天然植被区域被垦地利用或破坏,造成植被面积减少,总的覆盖度降低,同时沙化面积加大.     

基于无人机遥感与随机森林的荒漠草原植被分类方法

荒漠草原是草原中最旱生的类型,属于草原的极限生态状态,也是气候变化和生态系统演变的预警区。利用无人机高光谱遥感技术快速、准确地提取荒漠草原草地植被类型,对动态监测草原生态安全和合理开发草地畜牧业具有重要意义。以无人机搭载高光谱成像系统采集内蒙古荒漠草原遥感图像,获得具有高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率的图像;通过光谱连续统去除变换,增强草地植被之间的光谱差异,并构建植被指数;采用分步波段选择法选择荒漠草原植被的特征波段,实现高光谱数据降维;构建融合光谱特征、植被特征、地形特征和纹理特征等24个变量的随机森林分类模型,并与支持向量机（SVM）、K-最近邻（KNN）和最大似然分类（MLC）法进行比较。结果表明,在4种分类方法中随机森林分类算法分类效果最好,总体分类精度达到91.06%,比SVM、KNN和MLC等机器学习算法分别高7.9、15.61、18.33个百分点,Kappa系数达到0.90,比SVM、KNN和MLC算法分别高0.13、0.23和0.26。无人机高光谱低空遥感和随机森林算法的结合为荒漠草原草地植被分类提供了新途径。