植被及土壤对西藏飞蝗产卵的影响

【目的】探索植被及土壤的理化性质对西藏飞蝗（Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen）产卵量及产卵分布的影响。【方法】采用室外及室内笼罩模拟法,利用三因子二次回归通用旋转组合设计构建西藏飞蝗产卵选择模型。【结果】西藏飞蝗对不同植被的土壤有产卵选择性,其中草地和青稞地的产卵量最大（分别为36.03%和21.20%）。土壤的理化性质能显著影响西藏飞蝗对产卵地的选择,其中含盐量、含水量和pH值影响最大。单因素分析表明在试验设置的含盐量区间内选择产卵量随含盐量的增加而急剧减少,而含水量和pH值各有一最适值。双因素分析表明3个因素之间有一定的互作影响,其中含盐量的影响最大。统计频率优化法得出最适宜产卵的土壤综合指标为含盐量0.08%-0.12%、含水量2.91%-3.75%、pH 7.35-7.65。【结论】西藏飞蝗在不同的植被上生活,其产卵量差异显著。土壤含盐量、含水量和pH值显著影响西藏飞蝗产卵选择性。     

玛纳斯河流域不同地貌和植被类型下土壤物理性质研究

[目的]定量研究玛纳斯河流域(以下简称玛河流域)不同地貌类型和植被覆盖下的土壤物理性质,以期为深入研究玛河流域盐碱土改良和农业生产耕作提供科学参考.[方法]综合考虑玛纳斯河流域干三角洲、冲积平原和冲积扇扇缘带三种主要地貌类型和植被覆盖的不同,对其上生长的柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、猪毛菜(Salsola spp.)、小叶碱蓬(Suaeda microphyll)四种植被覆盖类型下的土壤含水率、土壤容重、颗粒组成和有机质进行研究,并利用SPSS13.0软件对土壤各项物理指标进行方差分析.[结果]从干三角洲到扇缘带,0 ～100 cm剖面内土壤平均含水率和有机质逐渐升高;土壤平均容重表现为干三角洲＞扇缘带＞冲积平原区;颗粒组成干三角洲砂粒含量为58.04;,达到最大,冲积平原区主要以粉粒为主,为56.21;.在立地垂直剖面上,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水率和容重均表现出显著性升高;土壤有机质显著性降低.相比对照的空裸地,四种植被类型在0～100 cm剖面内土壤平均含水率分别提高了19.03;、8.93;、8.20;、13.18;;土壤平均容重分别降低了13.07;、7.95;、16.48;、2.84;,平均土壤有机质含量分别提高了70.44;、39.41;、5.63;、14.05;;平均砂粒含量分别降低了35.57;、27.50;、15.97;、17.72;.[结论]玛纳斯河流不同地貌和植被类型下的土壤物理性质存在在显著差异性;相比空裸地,耐盐盐生植物,可以增加植被覆盖度,提高土壤保水能力,对流域农业垦区盐碱土的改良具有重要的意义.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

西南地区几种典型边坡植被的护坡效益分析

植被对边坡防护有着非常重要的作用,但其防护效果易受配置模式及建植年限的影响。以西南地区5种典型边坡植被配置模式为对象,比较了不同配置模式的护坡性能及建植年限等因素所致的年际间差异。坡上设景观过渡带（株行距分别为0.5 m×0.5 m,0.05 m×0.1 m的小乔木、地被植物）,坡下为不同配置的坡面防护带（喷播密度为10 g/m²的灌木、草本植物）:M₁为慈竹—野牛草,M₂为小冠花—紫羊茅,M₃为苜蓿—狗牙根,M₄为小冠花—黑麦草,M₅为黄荆—狗尾草。测定了成渝高速永川段2012—2014年各植被配置模式在自然降雨条件下的产流、产沙特征。结果表明:（1）建坪初期,狗尾草所在群落（M₅）生长快、成坪早,在2012年汛期即呈现较强的护坡性能:蓄水、保土能力分别达到59.14%,96.22%,产流量、产沙量（61.2 mm,52.0 g/m²）也明显低于其他小区（p < 0.05）;狗牙根、黑麦草等多年生草本所在群落成坪迟、生长慢,护坡性能普遍较差。（2）2013年汛期,M₁—M₄的护坡性能较2012年明显提高,以M₃,M₄最为显著。（3）2014年汛期,具有发达根系的狗牙根所在群落护坡性能最强:蓄水、保土能力分别达到80.03%,98.49%;M₅的护坡性能最差,其产流量、产沙量（62.1 mm,150.33 g/m²）也明显高于其他观测区。相同降雨条件下,边坡植被的护坡性能与群落结构有关,即建坪初期与地上生物量大小正相关,之后与根系重量正相关。     

施秉云台山地区近40年来植被覆盖度动态变化研究

分别采用1973年、1993年和2010年三期遥感影像,基于植被指数与植被覆盖度之间的关系建立植被覆盖度指数模型,运用遥感与地理信息系统技术对施秉云台山地被覆盖度进行等级划分,并对其近40 a的动态变化过程进行研究。结果表明:云台山地区植被覆盖度总体呈现退化态势,但是局部地区植被覆盖情况有改善趋势;1973—2010年间,云台山核心区覆盖度等级明显高于周边地区,但是这一优势在不断衰退;核心区植被覆盖度变化幅度小于周边地区,核心区植被覆盖度比周边地区较为稳定,低等级覆盖度变化幅度大于高等级覆盖度;前20 a植被覆盖度主要以退化趋势为主,后20 a则呈现逐渐恢复态势;植被覆盖度变化趋势受当地经济发展模式和生态环境观念改变影响较大。     

Planting spacing affects canopy structure,biomass production and stem roundness in poplar plantations

To improve the productivity and wood quality of poplar plantations, effects of four planting spacing on canopy characteristics, biomass production and stem roundness in poplar plantations were evaluated over 8 years. Planting spacing influenced canopy characteristics of the plantations, and further affected the understory vegetation and plantation productivity. Understory vegetation biomass and Shannon-Wiener index were negatively correlated with leaf area index, but both diversity indexes and aboveground biomass of understory vegetation were higher in stands with a wider spacing. Tree diameter growth increased with increasing planting spacing, while the increment in plantations of square configurations (5?×?5 m and 6?×?6 m) was higher than those with rectangular configurations (3?×?8 m, 4.5?×?8 m). The highest poplar biomass production was achieved in the plantation with 5?×?5 m spacing at age 8. Moreover, poplar trees showed a tendency with better stem roundness in a square configuration. The results suggest that planting spacing not only affect canopy characteristics, understory vegetation and tree growth but also wood quality, and square configurations (5?×?5 m and 6?×?6 m) could be a better option for poplar plywood timber production at similar sites.     

Tree and stand structure of the non-native Pinus contorta in relation to native Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in young managed forests in boreal Sweden

Managed forest stands are typically younger and structurally less diverse than natural forests. Introduction of non-native tree species might increase the structural changes to managed forest stands, but detailed analyses of tree- and stand-structures of native and non-native managed forests are often lacking. Improved knowledge of non-native forest structure could help clarify their multiple values (e.g. habitat for native biodiversity, bioenergy opportunities). We studied the structural differences between the introduced, non-native Pinus contorta and the native Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies over young forest stand ages (13–34 years old) in managed forests in northern Sweden. We found that P. contorta stands had greater mean basal areas, tree heights, diameters at breast height, and surface area of living branches than the two native species in young stands. The surface area of dead attached branches was also greater in P. contorta than P. abies. Although this indicates greater habitat availability for branch-living organisms, it also contributes to the overall more shaded conditions in stands of P. contorta. Only one older 87 years old P. contorta stand was available, and future studies will tell how structural differences between P. contorta and native tree species develop over the full forestry cycle.     

基于无人机遥感影像的冬小麦氮素监测

精准氮素管理是一项提高作物氮肥利用效率的有效策略,利用无人机遥感技术精确估测小麦氮素状况是必要的。试验在山东省乐陵市科技小院实验基地进行,利用八旋翼无人机搭载Mini-MCA多光谱相机于2016年获取冬小麦4个关键生育时期(返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期)冠层多光谱数据,同步获取地上部植株样品并测定其生物量、吸氮量、氮营养指数,及成熟期籽粒产量,根据各关键生育期与全生育期分别构建植被指数与农学参数回归分析模型,评估基于无人机遥感影像的冬小麦氮素营养诊断潜力。结果表明:基于无人机遥感影像能够较好地估测冬小麦氮素指标(R2为0.45~0.96),决定系数随着生育期推移而逐渐增大。拔节期、孕穗期和扬花期估产效果接近且具有很好的估测能力,扬花期DATT幂函数模型对小麦氮营养指数的解释能力最强(R2=0.95)。因此,以多旋翼无人机为平台同步搭载多光谱相机对冬小麦有较好的氮素诊断潜力,可利用估测结果指导精准氮肥管理。     

Performance of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) in response to row spacing under ridge and furrow cropping systems in a semiarid region of China

Ridge and furrow systems as well as the wide-narrow row spacing are recognized as good management practices in crop production. To obtain some available information concerning the suitable agricultural practices for buckwheat cultivation in arid and semi-arid area, a two-year field study was conducted to investigate the performance of common buckwheat grown under six cropping patterns: conventional flat single/double row planting (NS/ND); furrow single/double row planting (FS/FD); ridge single/double row planting (RS/RD); single row planting with equal row spacing and double row planting with wide-narrow row spacing practice. Plants grown under the FD system exhibited higher water use efficiency (WUE) and rainfall use efficiency (RUE) than plants cultivated with the NS system, increases with 13.7% and 21.9%, respectively, in 2014, while 9.8% and 14.0%, respectively, in 2015. Plants of the FD system also displayed the greatest leaf area index and canopy openness at growth stage of 40, 60, and 80 days after sowing, maximum biomass production (13.96 t ha^?1) and grain yield (3486.2 kg ha^?1) in 2014, and the least pronounced soil nitrate consumption as compared to plants from other tillage systems. We conclude that FD is the optimum planting pattern for common buckwheat cultivation in semi-arid and arid environments.     

黄河三角洲盐生植被演替对土壤真菌碳源代谢多样性的影响

探究土壤真菌碳源代谢水平与盐生植被演替之间的关系,是理清生态系统的内部结构和功能变化的重要步骤。采用Biolog-FF微孔板培养法,结合土壤理化性质分析,研究黄河三角洲地区不同盐生植被下土壤真菌的碳源代谢活性特征。结果表明,在0~20cm土层,每孔平均吸光值(Average well color development,AWCD值)表现为白茅罗布麻柽柳马绊草光板地,20~40cm土层则表现为白茅马绊草柽柳罗布麻光板地,即随盐生植被正向演替,土壤真菌碳源代谢活性显著提高(P0.05);各样地土壤真菌群落的香农-威尔指数H、丰富度指数S和辛普森指数D按演替顺序均有显著提高,同一样地不同土层中,除马绊草群落,其余样地的3种指数均表现为0~20 cm20~40cm,说明盐生植被正向演替过程改善了土壤中真菌的多样性和丰富度,提高了群落中常见物种的优势度。土壤理化性质与土壤真菌吸光值、真菌多样性指数相关性分析结果表明,全氮、碱解氮、土壤有机质、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶显著促进了土壤真菌的碳源代谢活性,土壤含盐量则显著抑制真菌的碳源代谢活性(P0.05);土壤主成分分析表明,纤维醇、鸟氨酸和D-甘露醇等是0~20 cm土层下土壤真菌利用的主要碳源,D-山梨醇、丙三醇和L-天冬氨酸等则是20~40 cm土层下土壤真菌利用的主要碳源,表明糖类、醇类和酸类是控制土壤真菌碳源代谢发生差异的主要碳源。土壤真菌碳源代谢水平与盐生植被演替关系的结果为黄河三角洲的生态恢复和利用奠定了理论基础。