人工柠条林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律

黄土高原地区水资源缺乏，水资源，特别是土壤水资源的适度开发和合理利用势在必行。在黄土丘陵半干旱区的上黄生态试验站对多年生人工柠条林林冠截留，地表径流，土壤水分和植物生长等进行了定位观测，对林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明，人工柠条林次降雨林冠截留随降水量增加而逐渐增加，地表径流与林外降雨量为直线关系。影响土壤水分补给的主要因素为天然降水，其次为林冠截留。土壤水分补给量与降雨量为线性关系；降水对土壤水分的影响程度随深度的增加而减弱，土壤水分最大入渗深度为170～270cm。偏早年随着柠条林生长并进入速生期，柠条林地耗水量加大，土壤早化加剧。丰水年土壤补给量剧增，但柠条林依然生长不良，储存在土壤中的水分只能等到来年被植物吸收利用。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地植被景观时空变异特征

对黄土丘陵区退耕地植被特征的时空变异性进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被类型区植被特征之间差异不是很显著,仅延安与安塞在物种丰富度之间和安塞与吴旗在物种多样性之间存在较显著的差异(0.01＜p＜0.05),其它的两两之间的差异并不明显.延安森林带北缘→安塞森林草原带植被指数呈下降趋势,降幅最大为17.65%,变异系数呈增大趋势,增幅最大为21.49%;安塞森林草原带→吴旗草原带物种丰富度指数及其变异系数都呈增大趋势,而物种多样性和均匀度指数呈减小趋势,其变异系数呈增大趋势.植被指数随退耕年限的变化趋势图都有两个明显的峰值,并在退耕20年左右后植被群落逐渐稳定.     

吴旗柴沟流域植被物种多样性研究

为了解吴旗县植被自然恢复的基本过程及其物种多样性变化,对该县柴沟流域封禁多年的植物群落进行了研究,结果表明:柴沟流域植物种主要以猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子、赖草、铁杆蒿为主,阳坡的植被演替规律为猪毛蒿+狗尾草+华虫实→赖草+猪毛蒿(达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿、隐子草)→达乌里胡枝子+赖草(百里香、冷蒿、角蒿、铁杆蒿),阴坡植被恢复的演替规律为猪毛蒿(达乌里胡枝子、赖草)→铁杆蒿(冷蒿)。柴沟流域阴坡群落的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度都较高,阳坡较低,混交林地的丰富度最大、均匀度最小。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落土壤抗蚀性能研究

以黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞县的纸坊沟小流域为例,对小流域内退耕地植被恢复后各群落土壤抗蚀性进行了研究,研究结果表明：（1）从土壤有机质含量指标讲,老荒坡和狼牙刺群落抗侵蚀能力最强,其次是刺槐、沙棘等人工林地,以猪毛蒿为优势种的群落和农耕玉米地抗侵蚀能力最弱;（2）从土壤团聚度、分散率和分散系数指标看,刺槐和黄刺梅群落抗侵蚀性能最强,农耕地和以猪毛蒿为优势种的群落抗侵蚀性能最差,人工林地和其它退耕还草地抗蚀性能居中;（3）从土壤生物结皮盖度讲,抗蚀性能为以茭蒿为优势种的群落〉以铁杆蒿为优势种的群落〉以猪毛蒿为优势种的群落;（4）从土壤侵蚀量来看,刺槐和沙棘群落抗侵蚀性能最强,以猪毛蒿为优势种的群落抗侵蚀性能最弱。综合分析得出抗蚀性能为：老荒坡,狼牙刺〉刺槐,黄刺玫,沙棘〉柠条〉白羊草,茭蒿〉铁杆蒿〉猪毛蒿,农耕地。随着退耕时间的延伸,退耕还林还草地的抗蚀性较农耕地不断提高,而与当地老荒坡群落的抗蚀性越来越接近。狼牙刺群落、刺槐和沙棘群落抗侵蚀性能最好,猪毛蒿群落群落抗侵蚀性能最弱,老荒坡各群落抗蚀性能较强,农耕地抗蚀能力有待提高。     

基于分维的多尺度植被空间格局分析

植被是一个地区植物群落的总体，是对于生态环境因素的综合反映。植被在空间上的分布是典型的分维数体，它在空间所有尺度上都有细节。在许多情况下分维数具有某种形式的自相似性，即它不随尺度的增加或缩小而变化，它独立于尺度。因此比较不同尺度上树种的空间格局与其对应的分维数值，可以对不同尺度上的空间格局有一个全面的了解。通过变异函数计算出的格局的分维数值可以描述不同尺度上空间格局的拓扑学性状和自相似性，可以很好地揭示植被的空间异质性。     

不同植被类型根系提高浅层滑坡土体抗剪强度的试验研究

通过对裸地、扭黄茅草地、车桑子灌木林地和桉树林地四种不同植被类型、不同深度土壤在天然含水量情况下的直剪试验，研究了植被类型对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明，植被具有提高非饱和土抗剪强度的作用，黏聚力增加较大，内摩擦角增加相对较小；土层越深，土壤抗剪强度提高的程度越小。     

粤北岩溶山区土地石漠化过程的植被特征与多样性初步研究

粤北岩溶山区是广东省石漠化土地面积最大、程度最严重的区域。为了确定石漠化对植被生产力和物种多样性的影响,选择英德市岩背镇等地为研究样地,系统地调查了不同石漠化程度的植被特征和物种多样性变化,结果表明：随着石漠化程度的加深,石灰岩植被的生境向旱生化和岩生化发展,植物群落结构越来越趋于简单。植被盖度从轻度石漠化土地94.65%,降低到极重度石漠化的12.14%以下;现存生物量同样随着石漠化过程显著降低。同时,石漠化造成物种的数量和分布发生变化,物种多样性显著降低,从轻度石漠化到极重度石漠化,丰富度指数从1.61降到0.36,除从中度到重度石漠化阶段,丰富度指数都呈显著性下降趋势;Shannon-Wiener指数从轻度到中度、极重度显著下降;而Simpson指数显著增加。植被退化是石漠化发展的重要原因和标志。     

中国土壤氮含量、空间格局及其环境控制

Soil holds the largest nitrogen （N） pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China＇s Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau. China＇s soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg, with an average density of 0.84 kg m^-2. Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country. Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China, and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation, which explained 75.4% of the total variance.     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系

 为给黄土高原退耕地的植被恢复和重建提供科学依据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,用系统聚类和逐步多元回归的分析方法,对退耕地自然恢复植被的演替阶段进行划分,并定量分析群落演替过程中的植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复草地的演替,依次经历猪毛蒿群落→赖草群落→长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落、达乌里胡枝子群落→白羊草群落。随着退耕地植被恢复的不断进行,Gleason指数、Margalef指数等丰富度指数以及群落Pielou指数,都呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,Simpson指数在演替初期及平衡阶段较大,群落生态优势度与物种丰富度的变化趋势相反。在群落的演替过程中,土壤有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的含量不断增加,土壤pH值和速效P含量不断减小,土壤表层密度变小,孔隙度变大。A层土壤全N、有效N含量、土壤pH值和C层土壤全N含量与物种丰富度呈显著正相关,A、C层土壤有机质含量和B层土壤速效K含量与其关系相反;B层土壤速效P的含量与群落生态优势度呈显著正相关;A、B层土壤速效K含量与植被群落盖度呈正相关关系,B层土壤速效P含量与其关系相反。