未来气候变化条件下青藏高原多年冻土区潜在植被类型面积预估

在青藏高原多年冻土区根据490个植被调查样点数据和3种遥感数据集的27个变量,利用决策树分类模型,模拟出4种代表性浓度路径情景下10个气候系统模式在2050年和2070年的青藏高原高寒草地类型(高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒荒漠和裸地)潜在分布结果。同时为保证数据分析的一致性,利用数据对当前高原草地类型也进行了反演。结果表明:相比当前高寒草地分布面积,预计在2050年和2070年裸地和高寒草甸面积微弱减少,高寒草原和高寒荒漠面积在微弱增加,高寒沼泽草甸面积变化不明显。结果在4种代表性浓度路径情景下的表现基本一致,研究不仅可以为高寒草地气候变化研究提供植被类型相关的数据支持,还可以为青藏高原多年冻土区碳循环的探讨提供部分的方法和理论依据。     

The roles of calving migration and climate change in the formation of the weak genetic structure in the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii)

Geographical barriers and distance can reduce gene exchange among animals, resulting in genetic divergence of geographically isolated populations. The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) has a geographical range of approximately 1600 km across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which comprises a series of tall mountains and big rivers. However, previous studies indicate that there is little genetic differentiation among their geographically delineated populations. To better understand the genetic structure of P. hodgsonii populations, we collected 145 samples from the 3 major calving regions, taking into consideration their various calving grounds and migration routes. We used a combination of mitochondrial sequences (Cyt b, ATPase, D‐loop and COX I) to investigate the genetic structure and the evolutionary divergence of the populations. Significant, albeit weak, genetic differentiation was detected among the 3 geographical populations. Analysis of the genetic divergence process revealed that the animals gradually entered a period of rapid genetic differentiation approximately 60 000 years ago. The calving migration of P. hodgsonii cannot be the main cause of their weak genetic structure because this cannot fully homogenize the genetic pool. Instead, the geological and climatic events as well as the coupling vegetation succession process during this period have been suggested to greatly contribute to the genetic structure and the expansion of genetic diversity.     

东祁连山不同高寒草地类型土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度特征

在青藏高原东祁连山以杜鹃灌丛、高山柳灌丛、金露梅灌丛、珠芽蓼草甸、禾草草地、沼泽草地和嵩草草地为研究对象,对土壤理化性质和土壤碳、氮、磷密度进行了研究.结果表明:2005年土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度分别介于4.66kg/m2～6.63 kg/m2、 0.31kg/m2～0.59 kg/m2和0.07kg/m2～0.16kg/m2,2006年分别介于5.27kg/m2～6.84kg/m2、0.40kg/m2～0.51 kg/m2和0.10kg/m2～0.20kg/m2;土壤碳、氮和磷密度受植物群落和根系分布特征影响,样地间及土层间差异明显.     

Protein characterization using electrophoresis and immunofixation; a case‐based review of dogs and cats

Protein electrophoresis and immunotyping can be a useful adjunct to the standard biochemical techniques for characterizing serum and urine proteins. This paper reviews currently available and commonly used methods for diagnostic protein electrophoresis, including both agarose gel and capillary zone electrophoretic techniques and total protein assessments. Immunofixation and immunosubtraction methods for identification of immunoglobulin location and class are also presented. Practical application of quality assurance and quality control strategies in compliance with American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) best practices are discussed. Commonly encountered serum and urine electrophoretic diagnostic patterns, including electrophoretically normal, acute‐phase protein responses, polyclonal gammopathies, restricted polyclonal/oligoclonal gammopathies, paraproteinemias (monoclonal or biclonal gammopathies), and Bence‐Jones proteinurias are also reviewed using relevant case material. Cases in which immunofixation electrophoresis are particularly useful are highlighted, and methodologies to more accurately quantify serum monoclonal proteins (M‐proteins), monitoring tests commonly used in human medicine, are discussed.     

黄土丘陵区植物间正相互作用对幼苗更新的影响

幼苗阶段是植物生活史中最脆弱与关键的阶段,在土壤侵蚀强烈的黄土坡面,现有优势物种能否作为保育物种发挥植物间正相互作用促进幼苗更新与存活还缺乏研究。以黄土丘陵区的3种典型植物群落(白羊草群落、狼牙刺群落、铁杆蒿群落)为研究对象,采用样方调查法研究了植物斑块和裸地斑块下幼苗的密度、物种组成、物种多样性以及与地上植物物种相似性的变化规律,对不同植物间的正相互作用的强度进行分析。结果表明:1)在研究区共记录到幼苗 52种,分属22科,主要由禾本科、豆科和菊科植物构成,且以多年生草本植物为主;2)不同斑块下幼苗的物种数量、密度、多样性和相似性指数大体表现为植物斑块>裸地斑块;同为植物斑块,不同植物群落幼苗物种数量是铁杆蒿群落>白羊草群落>狼牙刺群落,密度为铁杆蒿群落>狼牙刺群落>白羊草群落,多样性指数为铁杆蒿群落>白羊草群落>狼牙刺群落;而裸地斑块的幼苗密度与多样性指数均为铁杆蒿群落>狼牙刺群落>白羊草群落。3种群落两种斑块幼苗与地上植物的相似性系数均低于0.5,属于极不相似或中等不相似水平;3)植物斑块中的成年植株对其周围的幼苗存在积极的正相互作用,但在侵蚀干扰更加强烈,环境更加恶劣的阳坡白羊草群落、狼牙刺群落不同斑块间物种组成差异更大,植物改善微生境,促进更多类型幼苗更新的作用更加明显。总之,3种植物作为保育植物均能促进幼苗存活,但随着植株个体生长,可能存在物种间相互作用的转变,使得幼苗和地上植物的相似性不高。     

高新技术产业开发区景观规划设计初探

篙新技术产业开发区景观作为城市景观的新兴类型,是高新技术与自然要素紧密结合的景观印象,是最有活力与生机的综合景观.它类型多样,功能繁多,以自然生态及产业优彳匕等原则对其进行规划,并以点、线、面的结构方法予以设计,为高新技术产业开发区景观这一新兴事物的规划设计探索了一条行之有效的道路.     

Phytomass estimation using eMODIS NDVI and ground data in arid rangelands of Morocco

The assessment of rangeland productivity in semi-extensively grazed arid rangelands is a prerequisite for livestock management in relation to sustainable use of pastoral resources. The objective of this study was to assess rangeland productivity based on normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) images. Data on phytomass were measured on 61 field samples in arid rangelands of Morocco, covering various rangeland categories during autumn (November) and spring (April), i.e. when phytomass is at low and high levels, respectively, for two consecutive years (2008 and 2009). Dekadal EROS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (eMODIS) NDVI data were linearly regressed to field measurements for these four periods. Results show that phytomass values were correlated with NDVI during spring, with R² and RMSE values of 0.82 and 0.3 t ha^?1, respectively. This study indicates there is a high potential for operational use of remotely sensed data to estimate rangeland phytomass of semi-extensively grazed rangelands.     

Modelling the Phenological Relationships of Questing Immature Ixodes Ricinus (Ixodidae) Using Temperature and NDVI Data

All active stages of the tick Ixodes ricinus were collected monthly at two sites in northern Spain between the years 2000 and 2007. We used percentile accumulation of the active stage in the environment to evaluate simple and coherent correlations between accumulation of the active stages of larvae and nymphs and medium‐resolution MODIS satellite‐derived information on the climate, including monthly and accumulated temperature and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This framework is not intended to predict the actual abundance of ticks in the field as a measure of the hazard to humans, but to provide a basic structure for addressing the phenology of the tick in its geographic range. We demonstrated that the accumulation of larval ticks in the active stage is a sigmoid function of the accumulated temperature from the beginning of the calendar year. We also demonstrated that the accumulated temperature necessary to recruit nymphs from the questing larval stage is a function of the changes in accumulated larvae and nymphs and the accumulated temperature and NDVI recorded by the Aqua sensor. The low p‐values obtained in the regressions confirmed that such recruitment can be calculated using time intervals to estimate, for example, the beginning of the questing period or the time of the year when a population peak can be expected. The comparison among predicted and actual accumulated temperatures between larvae and nymph recruitment had an averaged error of ±20 days in one complete year. The use of accumulated temperature and NDVI proposed in this study opens up the re‐evaluation of reports on the phenology of the tick in Europe. This framework is intended to evaluate the same correlations along the tick's range and predict its phenological patterns in areas of pathogen transmission risk for humans.     

Effect of minocycline on glutamate uptake in periventricular zone of neonatal rats after hypoxia

AIM: To investigate the role of minocycline on glutamate uptake in the periventricular zone and its putative mechanism after hypoxic exposure in neonatal rats. METHODS: A model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) was developed by putting postnatal 1 d rat pups in 5% O₂ for 3.5 h. The glutamate level in periventricular zone was measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry assay (LC-MS/MS) after hypoxic exposure for 4 h and 1 d. The dynamic changes of glutamate transporters EAAT1, and EAAT2 during developmental period in periventricular zone were determined by Western blot. Moreover, the expression of EAAT1, EAAT2, Iba-1, IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β1 was also detected by Western blot after hypoxic exposure for 4 h and 1 d in that region. The effects of minocycline on all parameters mentioned above were tested after minocycline treatment at the same time points and in the same region. RESULTS: After hypoxic exposure, glutamate level was increased, but it was decreased after minocycline treatment. EAAT1 and EAAT2 kept a low expression level at the first postnatal week, but a predominant elevation was found at the end of the second postnatal week. The expression of EAAT1, EAAT2, Iba-1, IL-1β and TGF-β1 was increased at 1 d after hypoxic exposure. EAAT1 and TNF-α expression was significantly up-regulated, while EAAT2 was down-regulated after minocycline treatment. CONCLUSION: Minocycline inhibits the increase in the glutamate level after hypoxia in periventricular region of the neonatal rats. The mechanism may relate to the selective regulation of glutamate transporters, rather than the inhibition of neuroinflammation in periventricular zone.