宣城市设施蔬菜生产机械化发展思路探索

随着农业机械化的快速发展,农技农艺融合在农业生产中的作用日益重要。．该文在分析宣城市设施蔬菜生产机械化现状的基础上,结合宣城市对设施蔬菜的需求和发展趋势,提出了促进宣城市蔬菜生产机械化发展的对策。     

厨余堆肥对土壤典型肥力指标的影响初探

采用室内土壤培育实验,以菜园土、水稻土和旱地土为供试土壤,旨在探讨厨余堆肥对土壤典型肥力指标的影响。结果表明：不同类型的土壤对厨余堆肥的pH反应存在一定差异;整个培育过程中,厨余堆肥处理的土壤碱解氮含量增加。经计算得出,菜园土、水稻土和旱地土中厨余堆肥的有效氮释放当量分别为0.646、0.546 和0.475。此外,在供试条件下厨余堆肥显著提高了土壤水溶性钠含量,这可能会对土壤理化性状具有潜在危害,需进一步研究。     

中国式CSA新模式的构想

分析了郑州CSA模式概况,在屋顶菜园的启下之下,提出了"城里媳妇,城外郎"的中国式CSA新模式的构想,认为其不仅有益于我国有机农业的发展,而且可以彻底解决城市屋顶绿化问题。该研究提出的"城里媳妇,城外郎"的中国式CSA新模式是屋顶绿化和屋顶农业相结合的双赢产业,有利于加强生态环境保护,属绿色经济范畴,能够促进城乡经济的发展。     

不同水肥管理对京郊设施菜地氮素损失及氮素利用效率的影响

定量分析不同水肥管理下设施菜地的氮素损失途径及氮素利用效率,可为合理制订菜地水肥管理措施提供科学依据。2009年在北京市顺义区设施番茄大棚设置了6种水肥管理模式：（1）传统施肥+传统畦灌（N1F1）;（2）优化施肥+优化畦灌（N2F2）;（3）减量施肥+优化畦灌（N3F2）;（4）传统施肥+传统滴灌（N1D1）;（5）优化施肥+优化滴灌（N2D2）;（6）减量施肥+优化滴灌（N3D2）。利用田间观测数据对EU-Rotate_N模型进行了校验,并计算了各水肥管理下设施菜地的氮素淋失、气体损失和氮素利用效率。结果表明,各处理的土壤氮素淋失量占施肥总量的1%~9%,气体损失占施肥总量的5%~14%,各处理氮素淋失表现为N1F1>N3F2≈N2F2>N1D1>N2D2>N3D2。滴灌处理的淋失量比对应畦灌处理减少了72%~87%,气体损失量比畦灌处理平均降低了40%,其氮素利用效率比对应畦灌处理提高32%~36%。在保证蔬菜产量影响不大的情况下,优化施肥和滴灌均能有效地降低氮素淋失和气体损失,提高氮素利用效率。     

我国原生蔬菜开发利用现状与对策

我国原生蔬菜资源丰富,有很高的开发利用价值。近年来,其开发利用取得一定的成效,但也存在着资源破坏严重、研发力度不足、加工技术落后、资源利用率低等问题。针对我国原生蔬菜开发利用现状及存在的问题,提出相应的发展对策。     

省道路边菜地土壤重金属含量分布及污染评价

采集西安市S107省道路边菜地土壤样品,利用XRF法测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究路边土壤中重金属的含量变化特征及污染水平。研究结果显示,路边菜地土壤中存在着Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni和V的累积现象。土壤重金属含量空间变化分析表明,防护林能够有效限制扩散能力强的Pb和Cr的传播范围,可阻挡通过大颗粒污染物扩散的Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、V和As进入菜地土壤。单项污染指数评价结果显示,菜地土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni、V单因子污染指数均在1.0～1.7范围内,都达到了轻度污染,其中Pb、Cr污染指数能达到1.6和1.7,污染相对较重。路边菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数分别为1.9和1.8,污染水平为轻度。     

Inoculation of Earthworms and Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the Improvement of Vegetable Growth via Enhanced N and P Availability in Soils

A pot trial was conducted to investigate the single, dual, and triple inoculation of earthworms or plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) (Azotobacter chroococcum HKN-5) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megaterium HKP-1), on the growth of Brassica parachinenesis and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in soils. All of the five inoculation treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the shoot growth of B. parachinenesis. The greatest shoot and root biomass were recorded in the triple inoculation of earthworm, NFB, and PSB. All of the five inoculation treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N, NO_x-N, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)–extractable P in soils. Based on plant growth and availability of N and P in soils, the present study suggested that the triple inoculation may be a promising approach for reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in growing vegetables.     

温室栽培条件下N2O排放量和浓度分布对肥料和施肥的短期响应

In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-term N2O dynamics following topdressing in a greenhouse vegetable field in South China. During two topdressing processes, three different urea-N treatments with irrigation were conducted in May and June in a tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. The N2O fluxes, soil concentration profiles and soil environments at the 0-60 cm depths at 10 cm intervals were measured both immediately prior to and 5 days after topdressing. The N2O fluxes before topdressing ranged from 6.7±2.1 to 55.0±28.8 μ g N m 2 h 1 ; even higher numbers were recorded in highly fertilized plots. The NO3-N accumulation in the soil caused by vegetable cultivation during the 5 years prior to the start of the experiment, resulted in high background N2O fluxes. One day after topdressing (1 DAT) in May and June, N2O fluxes increased, which coincided with sharp increases in soil N2O concentrations at depths of 2.5 and 15 cm and in NO3-N and NH+4 -N contents at depths of 0-20 cm. From 1 to 5 DAT, fluctuations in the N2O fluxes did not harmonize with the N2O concentrations at a depth of 2.5 cm, which was attributed to different gas diffusion rates at depths of 0-10 cm. These results suggested that surface soil N and environmental conditions were crucial for determining the short-term N2O ebullitions during topdressing in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.     

Effects of tea tree oils on removing pesticide residue in cowpea

为研究茶树油清除果蔬农药残留的效果,该试验选取豇豆为供试材料,以不同浓度的茶树油和水溶性茶树油等清洗处理,利用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测豇豆内有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类的农药残留量,计算农药清除率。供试7种农药中,水胺硫磷、马拉硫磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和速灭威在豇豆中的初始浓度分别为：20.395、1.690、6.524、10.719、0.160、12.104和23.057 mg/kg。茶树油处理后检测结果表明,茶树油具有清除残留在豇豆中农药的能力,清除效果随茶树油浓度增加而增强;清除有机磷类农药效果较拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类农药明显。茶树油比去离子水、市售果蔬农残清洗剂清除农药残留效果显著,同时,相同浓度的水溶性茶树油比相应茶树油清除农药残留能力强。0.8%水溶性茶树油清除效果最佳,清除率分别为水胺硫磷80.48%,马拉硫磷94.54%,三唑磷82.79%,毒死蜱84.58%,氧乐果72.20%,氯氰菊酯80.51%,速灭威72.21%。通过研究结果可知,茶树油可作为有开发前景的果蔬清除剂。     

果蔬冷库节能技术

针对果蔬冷库现状,分析了果蔬冷库在制冷系统确定、隔热材料选择、热负荷计算和运行管理方面的节能潜力,探讨了果蔬冷库节能技术。