Analysis of the natural infection of European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi (Psa) is an emerging bacterial pathogen responsible for a recent epidemic of bleeding canker of European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) in northwest Europe. Very little is known about the infection biology of this pathogen, which can cause lethal cankers in the branches and stem of its host. In this study, branches and whole trees of European horse chestnut naturally infected with Psa were subjected to detailed morphological and histological examination to identify the primary infection sites, the time of infection, and the patterns of subsequent lesion expansion within the host. Lesions developed during the host dormant season on the 2003–2009 extension growth increments and were centred mainly on lenticels, leaf scars and nodes. The oldest lesion developed in the 2004/2005 dormant season and the number of new lesions increased in each subsequent year. The lesions developed in the cortex and phloem and extended into the cambium to cause cankers, but there was no evidence of necrosis in the xylem. All lesions on the branches were discrete and apparently contained by a necrophylactic periderm, although there was evidence that Psa could survive within such periderms and subsequently breach them. Examination of two whole 30‐year‐old trees revealed extensive, continuous cankers in the phloem and cambium which had formed within a single growing season. Thus, the success of Psa as a tree pathogen and the causal agent of a large‐scale epidemic may in part reflect an ability to infect the aerial woody parts of its host directly.     

锰肥施用对大豆若干生理诊断指标影响的研究

以“垦农4号”为材料,利用锰浸种和初花期叶面喷施,在小区试验的条件下研究了锰对大豆根系伤流量、伤流液中硝态氮和氨基酸含量调控的效应。结果表明,适量的锰浸种与叶面喷施可增加大豆植株的伤流量,提高大豆植株主动吸水能力和根系生理活性。不同浓度锰浸种对大豆伤流液中硝态氮与氨基酸含量影响不是很明显;适量锰叶面喷施可明显促进大豆伤流液中硝态氮与氨基酸含量,使其高于对照与高浓度锰处理。     

乌鲁木齐市榆树流液病发生情况调查研究

为明确榆树流液病(暂定名)在乌鲁木齐市的发生情况及影响因素,在乌鲁木齐市植物园、水上乐园、红山公园、农大校园,采用随机抽样法开展调查。研究发现乌鲁木齐市榆树流液病发生较为普遍,农大校园病害发生率与病情指数均为最高,分别为75.00%和51.25。红山公园发病率最低,为56.70%;白榆较倒榆和圆冠榆发病重;修剪伤口较多且伤口直径大的榆树病害发生严重。研究结果为病害的诊断和防治策略制定奠定理论基础。     

不同生育期人参根系伤流液质量与叶片光合的关系

为了解人参根系活力与叶片光合的关系,在人参茎基部剪断、收集伤流液,以伤流液的质量作为根系活力的指标,研究了不同生育期人参根系伤流液质量（m_伤流液）与叶片净光合速率(Pn)和离体植株地上部分吸水量（AWM）的变化及其关系.结果表明：根系 m_伤流液 在开花期较低,绿果期和红果初期较高,红果中期最低,叶片Pn表现为开花期较低,绿果期最高,红果初期较高,红果中期最低;根系 m_伤流液 与叶片Pn和植株AWM均呈极显著正相关;叶片Pn和植株AWM与根系 m_伤流液 的比值在红果中期最高,表明红果中期根系供水能力下降较快,而叶片Pn和植株需水量下降较慢.说明不同生育期人参根系活力与叶片光合有密切关系.     

提高梅花鹿再生茸产量的研究

于１９９０年３月－６月分别在黑龙江省海林县三部落鹿和吉林省松花湖鹿场进行试验。用止血，提高动物营养和人工降雨增加鹿舍相对湿度的三种方法对梅花鹿再生茸生产生长的影响和潜力进行了研究。研究结果表明：单纯进行锯茸止血或提高动物营养对再生茸的产量没有明显影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）；在止血和提高动物营养的基础上同时进行人工降雨，可明显中再生茸的产量１７５±２８ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１），使锯口愈合时间提前４．６±０．４ｄ     

愈伤涂膜剂对树干伤口灭菌防腐试验

[目的]对黄斑星天牛危害树木后留下的成虫产卵刻槽、羽化孔、幼虫的排粪孔和打孔注药后所造成的孔洞、伤疤、伤流进行修复,利用愈伤涂膜剂进行涂抹试验,并确定涂药量和涂药时间.促使伤口快速愈合,减少伤流和腐烂病发生.[方法]在树木冬眠初期或早春树木萌动前,将愈伤涂膜剂均匀地涂抹在树干伤口上,以涂满伤疤为宜.[结果]该药剂除了对50 a以上的树木伤口愈合率低外,对其它树木愈伤效果很明显,伤口愈合率可达58.6;,伤流株率下降了41.2;;腐烂病也可降低92.7;.[结论]愈伤涂膜剂在树干伤口上不但能够迅速形成具有透气性强的保护膜,起到封闭、阻隔作用,防止树液流失,而且还具有灭菌防腐,促进愈伤组织的再生能力.     

Coxiella burnetii: Serological reactions and bacterial shedding in primiparous dairy cows in an endemically infected herd—impact on milk yield and fertility

Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is the causative agent of Q fever both in humans and animals. The objectives of this study were to investigate seropositivity and bacterial shedding in heifers and primiparous cows in an endemically infected herd and to assess the effects on post‐partum diseases, fertility and milk production. At the age of 9 months, 96 Holstein heifers were included. Sampling was performed reproduction‐orientated: at the beginning of the study, at detection of first pregnancy, 3 weeks before expected calving date (blood serum), at parturition and after 21, 42, 100 and 150 days in milk (DIM) (blood serum, vaginal swabs and milk). Serum samples were investigated by a commercial ELISA for the presence of specific antibodies and vaginal swabs and milk samples by PCR to detect C. burnetii DNA. Individual animal data (calving ease, stillbirth, retained foetal membranes, puerperal metritis, endometritis after 42 DIM, presence of corpus luteum after 42 DIM, interval calving‐first service, interval calving‐conception, number of inseminations until 150 DIM, proportion of pregnant cows until 100 and 150 DIM, proportion of pregnant cows after first service and data of the dairy herd improvement test) were documented. All heifers were seronegative at the age of 9 months and 3 weeks before the expected calving date. Subsequently, the proportion of seropositive animals and the antibody score increased significantly towards 42 and 100 DIM, respectively. Vaginal C. burnetii shedding was highest at parturition (30.9%), while the most positive milk samples were detected after 100 DIM (15.3%). Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and shedding had no impact on parameters of reproduction. However, milk fat yield was declined in puerperal vaginal shedders and cows which seroconverted during their first 42 DIM, respectively.     

奶牛阴道植入式电阻传感器与无线监测系统研究

针对人工监测奶牛发情费时、费力,仅依靠活动量和非接触式视频监测无法实现奶牛安静发情预警的问题,根据奶牛发情时阴道粘液生理特征变化,提出基于奶牛阴道电阻变化的奶牛发情监测方案。设计了由黄铜电阻探头、8爪防滑装置构成的奶牛阴道植入式电阻传感器,对阴道电阻值进行采集。借助2.4GHz的ZigBee网络开发了无线传输系统,将阴道电阻无线传送给协调器节点,协调器经由RS485总线传输到监控中心。开发了奶牛阴道电阻上位机实时监测系统,实现了奶牛阴道电阻的精确采集和远程实时监测。分别对植入式电阻传感器和监测系统进行了准确性、稳定性、可靠性及能量可用性试验,结果表明,植入式电阻传感器电阻测量探头体积小、安装方便,可测定1~1000Ω范围的电阻,测量精度在±2%以内,24h内电阻最大波动为2Ω;在450m2奶牛养殖区范围内,ZigBee网络数据发送成功率不低于98.5%;植入式电阻传感器终端节点在7.4V/6500mA·h锂电池能量供应下可连续工作38d。监测系统运行稳定,能够精确、可靠、实时地监测奶牛阴道电阻的变化,为奶牛发情程度和排卵时间的准确预测提供了一种新的监测方法。     

种植密度和种植方式对超高产大豆根系形态和活力的影响

【目的】比较种植密度和单播、混播种植方式对大豆超高产品种和普通品种根系形态和活力的影响。【方法】于2012和2013年在盆栽条件下,研究不同种植密度和单混种植处理对超高产品种辽豆14、中黄35和普通品种辽豆11根系形态、根系活力和伤流成分的影响。采用随机区组试验设计,种植密度设3个水平（3株/盆、6株/盆和9株/盆）,2个种植类型（单一种植方式：各品种单播;混合种植方式：同一盆中各品种按1﹕1种植）。在大豆的开花期 （R2）、鼓粒中期（R6）和生理成熟期（R8）取样,将根系从土中取出,反复冲洗, 利用根系扫描仪WinRhizo Program（Re．gent Instruments Inc．Canada）对样根进行扫描测量,测定单株总根长、根表面积和根体积;根系活力用TTC法（甲醇浸泡法）测定;伤流液用重量法收取;伤流液中的磷用钼酸铵比色法测定（UV-2450）,钾用火焰光度计（PEAA800）测定,可溶性糖用蒽酮法测定;由超高产品种在混播、单播处理下根系性状的比值除以普通品种在混播、单播处理下根系性状的比值得到超高产品种相对于普通品种的根系竞争比率（RCR）,RCR＞1表示超高产品种比普通品种的根系竞争力强。【结果】超高产品种和普通品种大豆的根系形态性状、根系活力和伤流成分在密度和种植方式间均存在显著差异。整个生育期,不同品种大豆的根系形态性状和根系活力均在鼓粒期达到最大,伤流量和伤流成分的最高值则出现在开花期。鼓粒期至成熟期,超高产品种的单株根长、根体积普遍高于普通品种,单播和混播处理下,分别较普通品种高出8.2%、10.4%和53.9%、34.6%。超高产品种的根系活力较强,而且具有较高的伤流量和伤流成分,3种密度水平下,超高产品种的平均伤流量分别高出普通品种16.9%、42.0%和49.1%。超高产品种的根系竞争比率普遍高于普通品种。随密度的增加,超高产品种和普通品种的单株根表面积和根体积下降,其中普通品种的下降幅度更大,达50.9%和50.7%。混播时超高产品种与普通品种的根系活力差异随密度的增加而增大;超高产品种相对于普通品种的根系竞争比率也提高,由平均1.00增至1.63,其中6株/盆处理下根系竞争比率增幅达到显著水平。6株/盆和9株/盆的种植密度下,超高产品种的单株籽粒产量高于普通品种,混播时差异达显著水平;随密度的增加,超高产品种和普通品种的单株生物量和籽粒产量下降,其中普通品种的下降幅度更大,达62.5%和60.0%;大豆根系形态性状、根系活力与单株生物量和籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】超高产品种在密植条件下根系更发达,具有较强的根系吸收能力、竞争力和较高的物质生产力。