猪尿液中抗菌药物快速筛选拭子法的建立

为防止抗菌药物在动物性食品中的残留,以枯草芽孢杆菌为受试菌,建立一种检测活体动物尿液中抗菌药物残留的快速筛选拭子法,进行宰前活体检疫.添加试验测定猪尿液中5类抗菌药物最低检测限分别为:β-内酰胺类青霉素和氨苄青霉素均为0.05mg/L;氨基糖苷类庆大霉素0.05mg/L、新霉素0.4mg/L;四环素类金霉素0.1mg/L;大环内酯类红霉素0.05mg/L和氟喹诺酮类恩诺沙星0.2mg/L.各抗菌药物添加回收率范围均在64.0%～107.7%,变异系数均小于15%.假阴性结果显示,除青霉素(5%)和氨苄青霉素(4%)出现假阴性外,红霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、恩诺沙星和金霉素均未出现假阴性.与国外同类试剂盒比较,结果显示两者对10种抗菌药物的检测限一致.     

The profile of urinary lipid metabolites in healthy dogs

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are converted to hundreds of lipid mediators by cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP), or through non-enzymatic processes, and they reflect inflammatory states of the body. We comprehensively analyzed lipid metabolites in dog urine using a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to describe their metabolic characteristics. We detected 31 AA-derived metabolites, four EPA-derived metabolites, and a DHA-derived metabolite in all urine samples. Among AA-derived metabolites, 15, 5, 3, and 8 were generated by COX, LOX, CYP, and non-enzymatic oxidation respectively. This study will be the first step to use profiles of urinary lipid metabolites for better understanding and diagnosis of canine diseases.     

不同泌乳期荷斯坦泌乳牛血糖、血酮、尿酮、乳酮的变化

随机选取正常的荷斯坦泌乳牛30头,按不同泌乳期分成6组,每组5头,对各组的泌乳量、年龄、胎次、血糖、血酮、尿酮、乳酮等指标进行统计分析。结果表明:七项指标在五组之间均无显著差异,但泌乳量、血酮、尿酮、乳酮等指标都随泌乳期的延长表现出先升后降的变化特点,而血糖表现为先降后升的变化特点。     

Does blood contamination of urine compromise interpretation of the urine protein to creatinine ratio in dogs?

AIMS: To determine the effect of contamination of urine with 0–5% blood, varying in haematocrit and protein concentrations, on the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) in dogs, and to determine whether the colour of urine can be used to aid interpretation of UPC results.

METHODS: Urine samples were collected by free catch from 18 dogs, all of which had UPC?<0.2. Venous blood samples were also collected from each dog, and the blood from each dog was added to its own urine to produce serial concentrations of 0.125–5% blood. The colour of each urine sample was recorded by two observers scoring them as either yellow, peach, orange, orange/red or red. Protein and creatinine concentrations were determined, and dipstick analysis and sediment examination was carried out on each sample. Based on colour and dipstick analysis, samples were categorised as either having microscopic, macroscopic or gross haematuria. A linear mixed model was used to examine the effect of blood contamination on UPC.

RESULTS: The uncontaminated urine of all 18 dogs had a UPC?<0.2. Adding blood to the urine samples resulted in an increase in UPC at all contamination concentrations compared to the non-contaminated urine (p<0.001). None of the 54 samples with microscopic haematuria had UPC?>0.5. For 108 samples with macroscopic haematuria the UPC was >0.5 in 21 samples (19.4 (95% CI=13.1–27.9)%), and for 54 samples with gross haematuria 39 (72 (CI=59.1–82.4)%) had a UPC?>0.5. No samples had a UPC?>2.0 unless the blood contamination was 5% and only 3/18 (17%) samples at this blood contamination concentration had a UPC?>2.0.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study showed that while blood contamination of ≥0.125% does increase the UPC, if the urine remains yellow (microscopic haematuria), then there is negligible chance that a UPC?>0.5 will be solely due to the added blood. In that scenario, attributing the proteinuria present to the haematuria in the sample would be inappropriate. However blood contamination that results in discolouration of the urine sample from yellow (indicating macroscopic or gross haematuria) could increase the UPC above the abnormal range and would need to be considered as a differential for the proteinuria. Thus knowledge of urine colour, even if limited to simple colour scores (yellow, discoloured, red) could be utilised to aid interpretation of the UPC in samples with haematuria.     

雄性林麝泌香初期和末期尿液中挥发性成分的初步分析

用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法初步分析了2头雄性林麝(3岁和6岁各1头)在泌香初期和末期尿液中的挥发性有机成分。泌香初期的尿液中共有58种成分,包括酮17种、酚11种、醇10种、酯7种、杂环4种、醛3种、芳香烃2种、胺2种、烷烃1种和砜1种,相对含量较高的成分是4-甲基苯酚、4-乙基苯酚、苯甲酸甲酯、2-戊酮、苯酚、反式-3-戊烯-2-酮,2-甲氧基苯酚、4-丙基苯酚。泌香末期的尿液中共有85种成分,包括酮34种、酚13种、杂环11种、醇8种、酯6种、烯烃4种、烷烃3种、醛3种、羧酸1种、醚1种和萘1种,相对含量较高的成分是4-甲基苯酚、4-乙基苯酚、3-甲基环十五烷酮(麝香酮)、苯酚、5,6-二氢-2,4-二甲基-2H-吡喃、4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮、4-丙基苯酚、环己酮。根据分析结果,讨论了泌香末期尿液中存在麝香酮、环十五内酯等大环化合物的来源和雄性林麝尿源性化学信息素的作用机制与行为生态学意义。     

Evaluation of the effect of urine dip vs urine drip on multi‐test strip results

Standard operating procedures, including World Health Organization guidelines for packed cell volume, are established for in‐clinic laboratory tests. No independent, evidence‐based guidelines exist for dipstick urinalysis; however, manufacturer's instructions state to dip the stick into urine. In veterinary medicine, small volume urine samples could preclude dipping; therefore, a single drip per pad from a pipette or syringe is often performed. This study aimed to examine the differences between these two urine application methods prior to analysis, with the hypothesis that the method type would not effect on test results of dipstick analysis. To standardize the strip analysis method, a Siemens Clinitek Status + analyzer was used with Multistix10SG dipsticks. Three investigators tested urines from 53 dogs with a range of diseases by both methods. Results were assessed for the degree of agreement between the methods and within method variability. Overall, the agreement between methods was high. Within each method, the drip method variability was higher than that of the dip method (P = 0.012). Disagreements between methods were present, with pH and blood having the lowest agreement levels. Glucose was more likely to be positive on the drip compared with the dip methodology. This study demonstrates potential clinically relevant differences between the two methods and a higher level of variability with the drip methodology. Therefore, while the drip method could be used for practical reasons (eg, low sample volumes), this study supports the manufacturer's recommended method of dipping the dip stick into urine rather than dripping urine onto each pad with a pipette or syringe.