Sodium bicarbonate protects uranium-induced acute nephrotoxicity through uranium-decorporation by urinary alkalinization in rats

To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) in removing uranium and protecting animals from uranium toxicity, we intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate to 8-wk-old male SD rats, and 20 min after administration of uranyl nitrate, the animals were given a single oral administration of SB at 0.1, 0.3 or 1 g/kg. The SB treatment at a dose of 0.3 g/kg or more raised the pH of the rats’ urine until 4 h after treatment, and it significantly reduced the uranium amounts in the kidneys at 1 day after treatment. In another experiment, rats were intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate, and 20 min later, the animals were treated with sodium bicarbonate (0.1 or 1 g/kg). The rats were autopsied at 1, 3 and 7 days after uranium treatment. High-dose SB resulted in a significant increase in urinary uranium excretion in the first 24 h and a reduction of uranium deposition in the kidneys and femurs, and it also significantly suppressed uranium-induced renal toxicity, as shown by both histopathology and clinical chemistry at 3 days after uranium treatment. Low-dose SB did not show such marked effects. Our findings demonstrated that the uranium decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate was observed at the dosage showing urine alkalinization in rats and that decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate might be beneficial if it is administered immediately after incorporation of soluble uranium.     

Effects of straw treatment and nitrogen supplementation on digestibility,intake and physiological responses of water intake as well as urine and faecal characteristics

This study investigates the effects of feeding diet based on untreated (UT) or ensiled alkali‐treated (ET) barley straw with either urea or casein supplementation, on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal pH, water intake and faecal and urinary characteristics. Four sheep fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Barley straw was treated by the dry (spraying) method in pH adjusted of hydrogen peroxide (pH 11.5), ensiled for 6 weeks and included at 65% of the diet dry matter (DM). The results showed that straw pH reduced from 11.58 to 8.60 after 6 weeks of ensilage. The ET diet increased average DM digestibility and intake by 19% and 43% respectively. Total water intake was similar across treatments, while the water/DM intake ratio was 23% higher with the UT diet than with the ET one. Ruminal (6.73 vs. 6.84) and faecal (8.67 vs. 9.05) pH decreased but urinary pH (6.14 vs. 8.13) increased as a result of feeding animals on the ET diet compared with the UT diet. Compared with the UT diet, the ET one decreased faecal fibre (12%), moisture (32%) and water holding capacity, while it increased faecal ash (10%) and density (20%). The volume of urine excreted by the sheep fed with the ET diet increased by 67%, but their urine specific gravity (SG) decreased. No significant effects were observed for the dietary N supplementation and interactions between straw type × N supplementation with regard to any of the measured characteristics except for DM intake, which reduced due to the casein supplementation in the ET diet. These results indicate that the alkali treatment and ensilage of barley straw increased digestibility, intake, faecal consistency and urinary pH and dilution but decreased straw alkalinity as well as ruminal and faecal pH.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDURIA IN CLINICALLY NORMAL CATS

Echoes are frequently seen in the urinary bladder of cats during abdominal ultrasound. These have been attributed to hematuria, pyuria, crystalluria, and lipid. However, sonographic findings have not been previously correlated with urinalysis. We prospectively evaluated 40 clinically normal cats via ultrasound, serum chemistry, and urinalysis. Thin layer chromatography was performed on the urine to determine the amount (mg) of lipid subfractions including diacylglycerol, triglyceride, phospholipid, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester. Ninety percent (36/40) of the cats in our population had sonographic echoes suspended in the urinary bladder, with most having a subjective score of mild echoes (n = 20). None of the sonographic echoes were gravity dependent or caused distal acoustic shadowing, reverberation, or twinkle artifact. Of the cats with sonographic echoes in the urine, 66% (24/36) had no significant findings on urinalysis other than the presence of lipid. The total amount of subjective sonographic echoes was not significantly related to the total amount of fat measured on thin layer chromatography or the number of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis. An increased amount of urine diacylglycerol was significantly associated with clumping of echoes (P = 0.02) and the amount of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis (P = 0.04). An association between increased amounts of urine diacylglycerol and the amount of echoes seen on ultrasound approached significance (P = 0.05). Findings from this study support previously published theories that sonographic echoes within the urinary bladder of clinically normal cats may be due to urine lipid.     

绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂草研究Ⅲ新鲜羊粪尿对土壤和植物细胞形态结构及生理的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了绵羊新鲜粪尿对植物组织水势、细胞膜透性和细胞形态结构的影响。结果表明 ,在土壤含水量 30 %左右 ,植物无水分胁迫的可能时 ,各处理植物组织水势呈先上升后下降的趋势 ,而对照则呈持续上升趋势。说明绵羊新鲜粪尿加入土壤后 ,土壤溶液浓度升高 ,影响了植物水势。绵羊新鲜粪尿对植物生理影响表明 ,叶片细胞膜透性在 UD处理与对照差异显著 (P<0 .0 5) ,U和 D单处理与对照间差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5)。根细胞膜透性 UD和 U处理与对照差异显著 (P<0 .0 5)。D处理与对照无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5)。植物细胞形态结构显示 ,各处理均无质壁分离现象 ,但 U和 UD处理的皮层细胞出现叶绿体 ,这可能是尿中尿素水解释放的游离氨被植物吸收所致     

Impact of excreted nitrogen by grazing cattle on nitrate leaching

Abstract. At De Marke experimental farm, data on water and nitrogen flows in the unsaturated zone were gathered on two grazed pastures on sandy soils during the years 1991 to 1994. These provided a basis for calibration and validation of simulation models. The different levels of nitrate-N concentrations of the two plots could largely be explained by differences in crop uptake and simulated denitrification as influenced by different groundwater levels. The irregular distribution of excreta was taken into account by a simulation study quantifying the variability of nitrate-N concentrations under a grazed field. The resulting distribution of simulated nitrate-N concentrations explained the average and peak values of the measured concentrations. Temporal variability of weather was used to assess the nitrate leaching risk under urine patches deposited in either July or September. At site A the probability of exceeding the EC-directive by drinking water (11.3 mg/1 nitrate-N) under a urination deposited in either July or September was respectively 10 and 25%. The average field concentration at this site will hardly ever be a high risk for the environment under the current farm management. At site B the EC-directive will be exceeded under any urine patch in almost 100% of the years, affecting the field average concentration. In field B careful grazing management would result in less nitrate leaching, but the environmental goals would not be reached.     

运用营养调控措施降低动物养殖业环境污染

本文在分析养殖业对环境污染的基础上，探讨了通过营养调控降低动物养殖业对环境污染的潜力和技术方法，包括选用易消化饲料原料；研制最优日粮配方；饲料的合理加工和调制；应用安全高效饲料添加剂；使用生物活性肽调控日粮浓度；禁止某些非营养性添加剂的使用；采用多阶段、公母分开的饲养方式等，以从根本上解决养殖业的环境污染问题。     

容积性饲料对阴离子盐作用效果影响的研究

试验选用干奶后期奶牛10头,探讨干奶期奶牛应用阴离子盐产生效应所需的条件.收穗后青刈玉米秸与小麦秸作为大容积性饲料,尿液pH易达到阴离子盐产生效应的状态,而萨拉秧与苜蓿干草则不易达到.不同大容积性饲料,阴离子盐的适宜添加量不同,收穗后青刈玉米秸、苜蓿干草的适宜添加量为每头440-500 g/d,小麦秸则为每头440 g/d.将添加的阴离子盐分成两部分,一部分与精料均匀混合,另一部分先溶于少量水,再均匀喷洒于大容积性饲料表面进行饲喂,可避免阴离子盐对采食量的影响.     

樟科植物提取物对断奶仔猪粪尿氮排放的影响

为研究樟科植物提取作为脲酶抑制剂对仔猪粪尿氮排泄的影响,选取杜长大三元杂交30日龄断奶仔猪480头,按胎次、体重相近和公母基本一致分成5个处理组,分别饲喂添加不同剂量樟科植物提取物的日粮,即空白对照组Ⅰ、150 mg·kg-1组Ⅱ、300 mg·kg-1组Ⅲ、450 mg·kg-1组Ⅳ、600 mg·kg-1组Ⅴ,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复32头猪.结果表明:第Ⅳ、Ⅲ组与第Ⅰ组相比,料肉比分别降低5.67%(P＜0.01)和4.64%(P＜0.01);第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组与第Ⅰ组相比,粪样中微生物的脲酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05);第Ⅴ、Ⅳ组的尿素分解减少,总氮保持率提高,48 h后与第Ⅰ组差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).樟科植物提取物的添加使血清中总蛋白含量提高、尿素氮含量降低.试验结果表明樟科植物提取物添加在断奶仔猪日粮中能够促进仔猪生长,抑制粪中脲酶活性,减少粪尿氮排泄,最佳使用剂量为450 mg·kg-1饲料(Ⅳ组).