Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

东北棕壤长期不同施肥处理轮作大豆氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮特征

【目的】在玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,基于棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对东北地区大豆生物量、产量、各部位吸氮量及收获期土壤0―100 cm硝态氮累积的影响,为该地区合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】棕壤肥料长期定位田间试验始于1979年,包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量厩肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N和M1NPK)、高量厩肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N和M2NPK)9个处理。厩肥为猪厩肥,1992年后大豆季不施猪厩肥,仅在玉米季相关处理中施用。39年后,调查分析了大豆生物量、产量、氮素吸收利用及大豆收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮累积特征。【结果】高量、低量厩肥配施化肥处理大豆生物量、产量、总吸氮量及各部位吸氮量均显著高于单施氮肥和不施肥处理,其中,M1NPK处理大豆生物量、产量和总吸氮量最高,分别为9107、2979和314.2 k g/h m^2,较其他处理分别提高了6.1%~133.6%、23.9%~232.5%和11.7%~359.4%。施肥提高了大豆氮收获指数,但氮素生理效率降低。NPK和M1NPK处理的氮素收获指数最高,均为63.5%,而氮素生理效率较CK分别降低了30.6%和28.1%。大豆收获期各处理土壤硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加而降低。与播前相比,大豆收获期单施氮肥处理的0―100 cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加,NPK处理变化不显著,M1、M1N和M1NPK处理显著降低。低量厩肥配施化肥处理收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮积累量远低于高量厩肥配施化肥处理,较播前平均降低了79.2%。所有处理中,土壤硝态氮积累量以M1NPK处理最低,比其他处理平均降低了58.2%。【结论】在东北棕壤地区玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,玉米季低量厩肥(13.5 t/hm^2)与氮磷钾化肥配合施用时,大豆季仅施氮磷钾化肥既可提高大豆生物量、产量,促进氮素吸收,同时还可降低大豆收获期土壤硝态氮累积量,降低环境风险,是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。     

Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和镉吸收的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上,不同氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,与磷钾配施的4个氮肥处理中,施用尿素处理水稻产量最高,其次为施(NH4)2SO4和NH4Cl处理,施NH4NO3处理水稻产量最低。与施(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和尿素处理相比,施NH4Cl处理可显著增加水稻对Cd的吸收,并促进Cd由秸秆向籽粒的转移;而其他3种氮肥对水稻秸秆和籽粒中Cd含量的影响效应相当。适量尿素[0.2g(N)·kg-1]处理能显著降低水稻籽粒Cd含量,而不施尿素和高量尿素处理都显著提高了水稻籽粒中的Cd含量。研究表明,在Cd污染的水稻土上,采用抗Cd污染的水稻品种和优化肥、水管理措施,可使稻米中Cd含量低于国家无公害大米的限量指标。     

10种水生植物的氮磷吸收和水质净化能力比较研究

选取10种水生植物水罂粟、黄花水龙、大聚藻、香菇草、水芹、大薸、凤眼莲、美人蕉、黄菖蒲和鸢尾等为研究对象,于2009年2月中旬至6月中旬在室内静水条件下对其吸收氮、磷和净化水质的能力进行了比较研究。结果表明：（1）不同水生植物的净增生物量差异较大,变化范围为109.9-1 511.1 g.m-2,其中香菇草净增生物量最高,是黄花水龙（最低）的13.7倍;（2）不同水生植物的氮、磷含量差异较小,其氮、磷量变化范围分别为13.67~26.38 mg.g-1和1.16~3.50 mg.g-1;（3）不同水生植物的水质净化能力差异较大,10种水生植物的水质氮、磷去除率范围分别为36.3%~91.8%和23.2%~94.0%,10种水生植物的氮、磷吸收贡献率分别占水质氮、磷去除率的46.3%~77.0%和54.3%~92.7%。水体氮、磷去除率与水生植物净增生物量存在较高相关性,而与植株氮、磷含量不存在相关性,因而氮、磷吸收量而不是植株氮、磷含量应作为水生植物筛选的一个重要指标。     

隆玉2号玉米干物质积累与养分吸收特性研究

在中等土壤肥力下对隆玉2号玉米的干物质积累与养分吸收特性进行研究。试验结果表明,植株干物质和养分吸收量随着生育期延长而持续增加,动态变化可用Logistic方程拟合;干物质积累速率前期上升快,至高峰后缓慢下降;氮、钾吸收速率高,上升快,下降也快。磷吸收速率低,上升慢,下降也慢;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间,钾最早,氮次之,磷最晚,但均早于干物质最大积累速率出现时间;抽雄吐丝后N、P2O5主要分配在籽粒中,而K2O在籽粒中的分配量很少;干物质、N、P2O5、K2O的转移率分别为14.28%、40.41%、47.47%、37.04%;每100 kg籽粒吸N 1.65 kg、P2O50.56 kg、K2O 1.40 kg;较佳的施肥方法是:氮肥要多次分期施用,“适量种肥、前轻、中重、后补”;磷肥作基肥或种肥一次施用;钾肥要求“适量种肥,前轻中重”,最好在抽雄吐丝前全部施完。     

等离子体处理玉米对化肥利用率的影响

2004年在吉林省桦甸市桦郊乡进行了等离子体种子4种不同剂量、6个处理区的试验。经过在拔节期、成熟期干物质的化验分析和测产,结果表明应用等离子体种子处理1.0A×2和1.5A×2的剂量能促进玉米吸收养分,(N P2O5 K2O)总量比CK1提高10%以上;比CK1提高化肥利用率即提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率为7.4%～8.2%、11.3%～19.7%和15.7%～23.5%。明确了等离子体种子处理1.0A×2的剂量,比CK1增产8.2%,效果显著。     

氮磷钾施用量对灌淤土水稻产量及肥料利用率的影响

在宁夏灌淤土上,利用田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾各3个施肥水平对水稻(宁粳28号)产量、养分累积量及籽粒产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,施用氮、钾肥对水稻产量和养分累积有显著影响;水稻当季氮、磷、钾肥利用率都随着施肥量的增加而降低;穗数和每穗粒数随施氮量的增加而增加,而施磷肥有利于穗粒数的形成,过量施用氮肥还会显著降低水稻千粒质量。本试验水稻氮、磷、钾肥最佳经济施肥量分别为N 254.3、P2O5150.8和K2O 145.6 kg/hm2,获得最高产量的最大施肥量组合分别为N 309.3、P2O5253.9和K2O177.6 kg/hm2。     

施肥对定西地区马铃薯养分吸收动态、产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了氮磷配施低、中、高水平下施钾肥与不施钾肥对马铃薯不同器官氮、磷、钾养分吸收动态以及产量和品质的影响。结果表明不同施肥处理下各生育期马铃薯全株中元素含量均表现为K含量N含量P含量;整个生育期叶片中的N含量均高于茎和块茎,叶片中P含量除淀粉积累期外一直高于地上茎和块茎,而整个生育期各器官中K含量均表现为地上茎叶块茎。与对照(CK)相比,氮磷配施及氮磷钾配施均能促进马铃薯产量的增加,增产幅度为32.6%～12.5%,以中量氮磷水平配施钾肥(N2P2K)马铃薯的增产效果最明显,比对照增产11.7t/hm2,而且产量最高的N2P2K处理的千公斤薯块的养分吸收量最高,养分吸收比例N:P2O5:K2O为2.46:1:4.06。氮磷配施钾肥能明显提高马铃薯粗蛋白、淀粉和还原糖含量以及干物质含量。