盐胁迫对不同小麦品种NSCCs吸钾作用的影响

根据植物对钾的吸收主要通过钾的专性通道和非选择性阳离子通道(NSCCs)2种途径的钾吸收转运机制,利用钾专性通道抑制剂,研究3个耐盐能力不同的小麦品种在盐胁迫下通过NSCCs转移钾的贡献.结果表明:3个小麦品种根系通过NSCCs的钾转移均受到Na~+的影响,耐盐性最强的小麦品种.其通过NSCCs的钾吸收作用受到的影响较小,对盐最敏感的小麦品种受影响最大,其NSCCs对K~+的吸收受到明显抑制,吸钾贡献率大幅下降.     

镁、锰、活性炭和石灰及其交互作用对小麦镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在镉污染土壤上施用石灰、硫酸镁、硫酸锰和活性炭不同用量以及交互作用对小麦生长和吸收重金属镉的影响。研究结果表明,在试验条件下施用适量的硫酸镁、硫酸锰或与石灰配合能明显提高小麦籽粒产量,单施石灰或与活性炭配合施用降低了小麦籽粒产量;与对照(CK)相比, 所有处理秸秆产量均下降。施用硫酸镁能显著降低小麦籽粒和秸秆中Cd浓度,且随用量的增加而增大。低量硫酸锰能有效降低小麦籽粒和秸秆中Cd浓度,高量反而增加小麦对Cd的吸收。石灰、活性炭单独施用或配合施用都能明显减少小麦对Cd的吸收,但籽/杆中Cd比却随石灰用量的增加呈明显的上升趋势。叶面喷施硫酸镁对降低小麦吸收镉的效果与土施相当,但叶面喷施硫酸锰却比土施硫酸锰显著降低了小麦籽粒中的镉浓度与吸收量。硫酸镁与硫酸锰,或石灰、硫酸镁和硫酸锰3种物质配合施用,对小麦籽粒镉浓度和吸收量的降低表现出明显的正交互作用,对抑制小麦体内镉从秸秆向籽粒的转移具有显著效果。     

北方地区不同黄瓜品种氮素吸收与利用效率的差异

【目的】研究北方地区栽培黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异,为氮高效黄瓜品种筛选提供参考依据。【方法】选用华北型黄瓜品种为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,以氮素营养水平为主区,设低氮素（3.5 mmol·L^-1）和高氮素（11.0 mmol·L^-1）两个水平;以品种为副区,设32个水平,进行水培试验。测定含氮量、氮素吸收与利用效率,并划分品种营养效率类型。【结果】供试黄瓜品种在两个氮素水平下氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率的相关指标均存在显著差异。两氮素水平下的植株干物重（CV N3.5 21.49%和CV N11 18.51%）、氮素吸收效率（CV N3.5 19.90%和CV N11 19.94%）和氮素利用指数（CV _N3.5 25.49%和CV _N11 19.25%）均有较大的品种差异。干物重与茎叶氮素累积量和氮素利用指数极显著相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 0.933**和r_N11 0.925**,r_N3.5 0.964**和r_N11 0.941**。氮素吸收效率与茎叶氮素累积量和氮素利用指数极显著正相关,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 0.986**和r_N11 0.963**,r_N3.5 0.809**和r_N11 0.768**;氮素利用效率与茎叶含氮量极显著负相关,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 -0.909**和r_N11 -0.886**。以两个氮素水平下的植株干物重平均值为标准,对黄瓜品种的氮素营养效率进行分类,干物重大于平均值的为高效型,小于平均值的为低效型,可将32个华北型黄瓜品种分成4种氮素营养类型,即双高效型、高氮高效型、低氮高效型和双低效型。其中低氮高效型品种数量最少,占供试品种的15.6%。通径分析显示,氮素吸收效率在两氮素水平下对氮效率（植株干物重）的贡献率远大于利用效率,二者对氮效率的通径系数分别为q_N3.5 1.069和q_N11 0.931,q_N3.5 0.347和q_N11 0.361。【结论】黄瓜苗期的氮效率存在品种差异。植株干物重可作为同一供氮水平下苗期氮效率评价的首选指标,茎叶氮素累积量、茎叶含氮量和氮素利用指数可作为氮效率选择的次级指标。植株氮素吸收效率是品种苗期氮效率高的主要因素。水培试验可有效地反应不同黄瓜品种苗期氮素营养效率差异,为黄瓜品种苗期氮素营养效率的批量筛选和快速鉴别提供了可能。     

膜下咸水滴灌水肥盐调控对棉花盐离子、养分吸收及干物质分配的影响

【目的】探索南疆地区膜下咸水滴灌条件下水肥盐调控管理模式。【方法】设置不同淡咸水混合比例(1∶0、4∶1和2∶3)和不同施氮量(400、300 kg/hm²和200 kg/hm²)组合方案,其中淡咸水混合比例1∶0、施氮量300 kg/hm²为对照,研究了膜下咸水滴灌水肥盐调控对棉花盐离子、养分吸收及干物质分配的影响。【结果】随着灌溉水矿化度的增大,棉株体内盐离子(Na⁺、Cl^-与Ca²⁺)量呈增加趋势,其中Na⁺与Cl^-量显著增加;吸收的盐离子主要积累在茎和叶,在叶中积累量最高。灌溉水矿化度的增大对棉株N、P和K量及积累量均呈降低趋势。增施氮肥可以有效促进根系干物质的积累和植株对养分与盐离子的吸收,植株体内N和K量显著性增加,有效促进了棉花的生长;同时,增施氮肥也促进了棉株对Na⁺与Cl^-的吸收,淡咸比例4∶1混合灌溉(微咸水)茎和叶中适量的Na⁺     

梨幼树到结果初期春施15N–尿素的利用及其在土壤的残留与损失

2014—2016年,以‘黄冠’梨为材料,采用15N示踪技术研究了从幼树期到结果初期梨树对春季施用氮素的吸收利用及土壤残留与损失情况。研究结果表明,幼树期(2014—2015年)梨树生长以中心干和粗根等树体骨干结构建立为主,生长量相对较小;进入结果初期(2016年)后树体生长表现为树体骨干结构建立为主,枝梢等营养器官生长与产量形成并存,生长量大幅增加。整个试验期间,树体贮藏器官的标记氮素吸收量较大,其中幼树期中心干吸收量最大,结果初期粗根吸收量最大。0~100 cm土层标记氮素残留量随土层深度和施用年限增加逐渐降低,其中,施用标记氮素后第1年(2014年),土壤标记氮素残留量较高,残留率达63.61%,梨幼树对标记氮素利用率仅为3.25%。随后两年(2015—2016年)土壤残留量较低,树体对标记氮素利用率仅为0.51%和0.80%。试验结束时,幼树期到结果初期梨树对标记氮素的累计利用率为4.57%,土壤标记氮素残留量为20.34%,损失率达75.07%。     

利用钾吸收基因表达评价葡萄叶面喷施钾肥效果和喷施浓度

【目的】叶面喷施钾肥可以快速、 高效地为葡萄补充钾营养,促进葡萄的高产和优质,已经被广泛应用于葡萄生产中。本实验通过对葡萄叶面喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥,测定葡萄叶片和果实等生理指标变化,以及钾吸收相关基因的表达变化,从生理和基因水平上评价这些钾肥的喷施效果,为葡萄生产中钾肥的施用提供一定指导。【方法】本实验以‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,选择两个葡萄生长关键时期盛花期和果实膨大期分别对葡萄叶片喷施0.2%、 0.5%和0.8%三种浓度的K2SO4、 K2CO3、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl。然后对葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等生理指标进行统计分析,并利用荧光定量PCR技术分析4个钾吸收相关基因VvHAK13、 VvKEA2、 VvSIRK和VvSORK的表达情况。【结果】叶面喷施4种钾肥后,葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等各项生理指标均有不同程度的提升。钾肥种类不同,最适喷施浓度不同,同种钾肥在葡萄盛花期和果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度也有所不同,四种钾肥在果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度普遍高于盛花期。四个钾吸收相关基因在喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥后也表现出不同的表达模式,总体来讲VvKEA2、 VvSIRK 、 VvSORK的表达上调,而VvHAK13的表达下调。果实膨大期,需喷施较高浓度的钾肥,钾吸收相关基因才表现出较强烈的响应,而在盛花期则只需喷施较低浓度的钾肥。综合生理指标和基因表达两方面结果,得出4种钾肥效果依次为K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。【结论】葡萄叶面喷施钾肥可以有效促进葡萄叶片和果实的生长发育,四种钾肥的效果依此为: K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。适宜的喷施浓度可以有效提高钾吸收相关基因的表达,是其提高钾吸收利用的机理之一。     

Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals

Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.     

Effects of forage type and gibberellic acid on nitrate leaching losses

Nitrogen (N) leaching from soil into water is a significant concern for intensively grazed forage‐based systems because it can cause a decline in water quality and is a risk to human health. Urine patches from grazing animals are the main source of this N. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect that forage type and gibberellic acid (GA) application had on N leaching and herbage N uptake from urine patches on perennial ryegrass–white clover (RGWC), Italian ryegrass and lucerne. A lysimeter study was conducted over 17 months to measure herbage growth, N uptake and N loss to water beneath each of the three forage types with the following treatments: control, urine (700 kg N/ha) and urine with GA (8 g GA active ingredient/ha). Compared with RGWC (205 kg N/ha), N leaching losses were 35.3% lower from Italian ryegrass (133 kg N/ha) and 98.5% higher from lucerne (407 kg N/ha). These differences in leaching loss are likely to be due to winter plant growth and N uptake. During the winter months, Italian ryegrass had higher N uptake, whereas lucerne had lower N uptake, compared with RGWC. The application of GA had no effect on N leaching losses, DM yield or N uptake of forage treated with 700 kg N/ha urine.     

The influence of temperature on the growth and sulfur uptake of oats (Avena sativa L.)

Abstract

Oats were grown in perlite and nutrient solution at temperatures varying from 10/5°C (day/night) to 36/31°C. The optimum temperature for growth of tops was found to be 27°C day/22°C night over an eight week period. Plant S content showed an inverse relationship with yield.

Uptake of S was low at low temperature (10/5, 15/10°C), but was balanced by retarded growth at this temperature. Hence, uptake did not restrict growth at low temperature.     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...