人工合成新小麦的细胞学与农艺性状研究

人工合成小麦被广泛应用于小麦遗传育种及进化研究。本实验对四倍体野生二粒小麦、圆锥小麦、硬粒小麦与节节麦杂交,经染色体自动加倍形成的23个人工六倍体小麦第一代(S1代)的细胞学及农艺性状进行研究。结果表明,不同人工合成小麦的细胞学存在显著差异。四倍体供体母本对减数分裂影响很大。其中,由野生二粒小麦AS285合成的人工小麦的减数分裂很不正常,这可能由于控制减数分裂"二倍体"化的Ph1位点变异所致。减数分裂不正常,会导致其细胞学不稳定。因此,在用人工合成六倍体小麦构建遗传群体或作遗传研究之前,有必要先观察其减数分裂,选择出减数分裂正常的材料用于研究工作。根据本研究,单价体可作为判断减数分裂是否正常的依据。同时,不同人工合成小麦的农艺性状存在显著差异,它们为育种提供了新的资源。     

Production of diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between Lilium concolor and L. longiflorum by in vitro ovary slice culture

Successful hybridization between Lilium concolor and Lilium longiflorum has not been reported but ovary slice culture technique, after cut-style pollination has now been used to produce diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between these species. Reciprocal crosses between diploid cultivars (2n= 2x= 24) were conducted. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 days after pollination (DAP), ovaries were sliced and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators and NH₄NO₃, supplemented with 6% sucrose, 50 mg/1 yeast extract and 0.25% gelrite at pH 6.3. For the L. concolor × L. longiflorum cross, embryo germination was found to be best at 20 DAP, while for the L. longiflorum × L. concolor at 25 DAP. After transfer to a MS (half-strength) medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose, 0.25% gelrite and 0.2% active charcoal at pH 5.8, diploid and triploid hybrid plants were developed. All regenerated plants were identified as hybrids on the basis of karyotype and isozyme analyses. Ovary slice culture technique as a method of producing polyploids is discussed.     

针叶树种子园亲本配子贡献平衡指数的研究

根据种子园亲本数目与雌、雄球花产量的关系,建立数学模型,提出了一种评价种子园各亲本配子贡献的数量方法——平衡指数法.该指数是以比率形式反映种子园各亲本配子贡献和各交配组合频率的一致程度,可用于比较不同种子园或同一种子园不同年份亲本贡献平衡性及其子代遗传基础的大小,也可作为优化种子园亲本组成的指标.本文还讨论了影响平衡指数的因素.     

Frequency of 2n pollen in diploid hybrids betweenSolanum phureja Juz. & Buk. andSolanum chacoense Bitt.

Summary Solanum phureja (PP)xSolanum chacoense (CC) hybrid families (PC) were evaluated for pollen fertility and frequency of 2n pollen in two seasons in Morocco. PP clones produced high frequencies of 2n pollen, whereas CC clones produced none. The percentage of plants with 2n pollen ranged from 2 to 63% among 20 PC families and was consistent in some PC families over two growing seasons, whereas others varied between fall and spring growing seasons. The expected ratio of 2n to non-2n pollen-producers within a PC family based on a single recessive gene model [i.e. 1∶0 with CC homozygous dominant (PsPs) or 1∶1 with CC heterozygous (Psps)] was observed in only 5 of 20 progenies. Narrow sense heritability was 0.71, allowing gain from further selection. Only clones producing more than 10% 2n pollen exhibited more stable expressivity across seasons. Scientific Journal Series Article 17811 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station supported in part by the US Agency for International Development, contract no. 608-0160, IAV Morocco Project.     

哺乳动物配子操作过程中各种耗材的选择使用

哺乳动物配子操作的实验如卵母细胞或卵泡的体外成熟,体外受精,以及胚胎的体外培养等等,都要用到很多消耗性器材,包括培养器皿、离心管、吸头和吸卵管等,这些耗材产品型号多,用途广,用量大,而国产和进口产品质量和价格差别很大,合理选用这些耗材,在保证实验顺利进行和获得可靠实验结果的基础上,尽可能节约开支用费,这对于各高校或科研院所的实验室都十分必要。本文根据实验室工作的经验积累,总结了主要耗材的选择使用情况,为实验室耗材的合理使用提供参考。     

大竹蛏性腺观测与人工催产技术的研究

根据大竹蛏的性腺发育形态,将其分为4个等级;亲贝性腺成熟度和活力是成功催产大竹蛏的首要因子.在2009年,先后3批次各按自然排放法（实验组1）和开放式流水刺激催产法（实验组2：流速15 cm/s;实验组3：流速25 cm/s）,对性腺成熟的大竹蛏亲贝进行了催产（获卵）对比实验.结果表明：在产卵量和孵化率方面,流水刺激催产的实验组2和实验组3均高于自然排放的实验组1,实验组1、实验组2、实验组3的平均产卵量分别为1 097万粒、2 807万粒、2 940万粒,平均受精率分别为58.5%、82.0%、51.2%,平均孵化率分别为22.6%、69.9%、73.6%;3个实验组的幼虫成活率与变态率差异不显著.由此认为,采用大竹蛏潜穴后进行开放式流水刺激是良好的催产方法.     

不同倍性蝴蝶兰未减数雄配子的发生及其细胞学机理初探

采用压片法对不同倍性蝴蝶兰品种小孢子母细胞减数分裂及成熟花粉进行观测,并利用流式细胞仪测定了花粉中的DNA含量,发现除了单倍性配子外,均有少数未减数配子发生。不同倍性蝴蝶兰品种中单倍性、二倍性、三倍性和四倍性花粉平均直径分别为11.4、17.2、19.1和20.3 μm,花粉直径与倍性呈正相关关系（r = 0.935,P < 0.065）;二倍体、三倍体和四倍体蝴蝶兰品种未减数雄配子的平均发生率分别为0.59%、2.39%和0.67%,三倍体品种发生未减数雄配子的频率明显高于二倍体和四倍体品种;二倍体、三倍体和四倍体品种均通过二分体和三分体的方式形成未减数雄配子,其中二分体的形成是由于小孢子母细胞不进行减数分裂Ⅰ,而正常进行减数分裂Ⅱ所致,三分体的形成可能是由于纺锤体异常定位形成三极纺锤体所致。     

月见草大孢子发生与雌配子体发育研究

[目的]研究月见草大孢子发生与雌配子体发育的规律。[方法]利用传统石蜡切片法对月见草大孢子发生及雌配子体发育进行了研究。[结果]雌蕊由四心皮组成,中轴胎座。胚珠倒生,体积小、数量多,双珠被、厚珠心。珠心内侧一细胞发育为初生造孢细胞,初生造孢细胞经过减数分裂形成线形排列的大孢子四分体,合点端3个大孢子退化,珠孔端的一个作为功能大孢子发育成为单核胚囊,经2次连续的有丝分裂形成四核的胚囊。[结论]月见草胚囊发育属于待宵草型。     

The occurrence of 2n-pollen and the origin of sexual polyploids in dihaploid roses (Rosa hybrida L.)

Haploidisation by in situ parthenogenesis of 4x R. hybrida resulted in the production of some dihaploid roses (2n=2x=14) able to produce viable pollen. A cytological study of microsporogenesis revealed that, although the first meiotic reductional division occurred normally, the second (equational) division was characterised by frequent abnormalities which concerned spindle formation and led to unreduced gametes of First Division Restitution (FDR) type. Analysis of the hybrid progeny of a parthenogenetically derived male fertile dihaploid plant revealed a selective advantage of the 2n-pollen, especially in the case of an hybridization with a tetraploid female parent. Moreover, crosses carried out among dihaploid partners always resulted in hybrids with ploidy levels≥ 3x. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草莓种间杂交的研究

 草莓2x与2x、2x 与4x、4x 与5x、5x 与8x 种间杂交结果表明, 同倍性种间杂交结实率较高,如绿色草莓(2x ) ×东北草莓(2x) 可达53. 3 % , 但正反交间不同。不同倍性种间杂交以低倍体为母本时结实很差或完全不能结实, 以高倍体为母本时杂交结实率较高, 如汤姬(8x ) ×黑龙江7 号(5x) 可达68. 4 %; 由汤姬(8x ) ×黑龙江7 号(5x) 得到1 株9x 实生苗, 根据其倍性及亲本减数分裂行为、花粉大小等现象推测草莓属植物中存在未减数配子; 草莓种间杂交后代变异大, 并出现了偏母实生苗, 它们可能来自无融合生殖; 从草莓种间杂交得到包括4x、5x、6x、7x、8x、9x 丰富的倍性试材, 这对草莓遗传变异及改良栽培草莓品质、抗逆性、抗病性等方面的研究有较大价值。