紫贻贝配子细胞表面糖基的定位研究

细胞表面糖蛋白中糖的特性对于细胞的相互识别起重要作用,配子细胞表面糖配基的差异恰恰体现不同物种间受精作用的特异性,本研究分别选用可以特异性结合半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖的FITC标记凝集素,对紫贻贝配子细胞中对应的糖进行研究。结果显示,4种糖在卵细胞边缘的标记特征不明显,仅半乳糖和葡萄糖在一些卵细胞边缘有区域性分布,但在细胞质区,这4种糖均有少量分布;半乳糖和岩藻糖在贻贝的精巢的精细胞和成熟精子区为较均匀的弱阳性标记,甘露糖仅在输精小管边缘有分布,葡萄糖的含量相对较多,但也只是在输精小管边缘以及成熟精子区有一定的标记。上述结果表明,紫贻贝配子细胞表面不同糖基的分布和含量存在一定的差异,造成配子间起到识别作用的糖蛋白组成和结构不同,决定了紫贻贝配子识别的特异性。     

The production of dihaploids and tetraploids with combined quantitative resistance to potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) and foliage blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Summary Dihaploids were produced from tetraploids which had resistance to foliage late blight (P. infestans) and had a range of levels of resistance to white potato cyst nematode (PCN) (G. pallida). Twelve of 33 dihaploids tested had useful levels of both resistances, 11 were resistant to blight alone and seven to PCN alone. There were no significant correlations between the resistances of the parents and the mean resistance of their dihaploids, for either character. There was also no correlation between levels of resistance to blight and to PCN. There were significant differences in mean levels of resistance to blight and to PCN between the tetraploid progenies of two dihaploids which possessed combined resistance.     

The agronomic value of tetraploid F1 hybrids between potatoes of Group Tuberosum and Group Phureja/Stenotomum

Summary Selected tetraploid F1 hybrids, between Tuberosum cultivars and 2x Phureja clones, were compared with standard cultivars in randomized trials during the period 1980 to 1986 under conditions which simulated British agricultural practice. Hybrids were superior to standard cultivars in both total and marketable yield, and produced more tubers. We suggest that high yields in the 4x F1 hybrids result from the addition of complementary parental characters, high tuber numbers from Phureja and generally larger mean tuber size from Tuberosum. We discuss the relo of heterosis in an interploidy breeding scheme utilising unreduced male gametes and emphasise the value of tetraploid hybrids between Tuberosum and improved Phureja.     

特异同源三倍体水稻材料SAR-3细胞学研究

以特异同源三倍体水稻材料SAR-3中15个株系为研究材料, 对同源三倍体减数分裂中染色体行为, 特别是染色体分离方式进行了研究. 结果表明: 同源三倍体SAR-3花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体形成单价体、二价体和三价体; 后期Ⅰ染色体分离遵守随机分配规律, 但有一定比例整倍性二分体出现; 后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ染色体落后是形成单倍性     

A gamete abortion locus detected by segregation distortion of isozyme locus Est-9 in wide crosses of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary A locus for male gamete abortion in hybrids for Japonica and Indica rice was identified with the aid of marker genes Rc and Est-9 on chromosome 7. In an Indica-Japonica cross, AKAMAI 1/IR50, the Indica allele Est-9 ² was transmitted via the male gamete with a ratio of 0.29 instead of the normal 0.5, whereas no segregation distortion was observed for the Rc locus. The recombination value (p) for Est-9 and Rc was estimated to be 0.38 by a least square method after adjusting Mendelian segregation ratios with the male transmission ratios of 0.29 (Tr) for Est-9 ² and 0.71 (1-Tr) for Est-9 ¹. The recombination value (q) for the new locus for male gamete abortion, ga-11, and Est-9 was estimated to be 0.23 by using 56 F₃ lines from F₂ plants which were heterozygous for the Est-9 locus. No linkage for Rc and ga-11 was found. Therefore, the two markers and ga-11 were located in the order of ga-11-Est-9-Rc. Using the estimated recombination value (q), the male transmission rate (k) of ga-11 ^a was estimated to be 0.11 with the F₂ data and-0.07 with the F₃ line data. Thus, it was apparent that male gametes possessing ga-11 ^a were frequently aborted in the Indica-Japonica hybrid.     

Potato germplasm development for warm climates: genetic enhancement of tolerance to heat stress

Complex potato hybrids were derived through unilateral sexual polyploidization between Solanum tuberosum cv. Atlantic and 11 diploid hybrids that produced 2n pollen through co-orientation of second division spindles. The hybrids represented the following genomic compositions: TAPB, TAPC, and TAPM where T = S. tuberosum, A = S. andigena, P = S. phureja, B = S. berthaultii, C = S. chacoense, and M = S. microdontum. The B, C, and M components of the hybrids had been selected from heat tolerant accessions. The heat tolerance and agronomic performance of the hybrids were assessed under both controlled environments and field tests. The hybrids exhibited good tuberization potential (tuber number, tuber weight and percent plants producing tubers) under heat stress conditions in controlled environments. Under severe heat stress conditions in the field in Israel, many of the hybrids tuberized when Atlantic failed to produce any tubers at all. Under more moderate heat stress in Virginia, the complex hybrids exhibited total tuber yield not significantly different from Atlantic, although the tuber set per plant was greater. However, the complex hybrids were more tolerant to heat necrosis and hollow heart than Atlantic. Total glycoalkaloids in field-grown tubers did not exceed the acceptable limit for 13 of 26 selections examined. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimating Combining Ability of 4x-2x Crosses in Cultivated Potatoes

Progenies derived from crosses between Solarium tuberosum and 2n pollen-Producing diploid hybrids, exhibit obvious hybrid vigor. The 2n pollen-producing clone can act as a bridge in crossing S. tuberosum and S. andigena with S. phureja. Populations from 4x-2x crosses show more unifomity and less segregation compared with that of 4x-4x crosses. The parent-offspring correlation for the traits, starch content and tuber number, is significant at 0.01 level. The regrssion equations are Y (mp-F1)=1.0 1.2x and Y (mp - F1) = 5.3 0.8x, respectively. The 2n pollen-producing clones play an impotant role in increasing tuber stach content. Estimates of the combining ability for the main yield components indicate that additive effect prodominatcs for such trais as plot yield, tuber weight per plant and starch content, whereas both additive and non-additive effects lay equal stress on mean tuber weight and non-additive effect is important for tuber number. In general, non-additive effect appears to be important in     

日本落叶松无性系种子园配子产量及种子在球果中的分布特征

对湖北省建始县长岭岗种子园母树雌雄球花在树体中的分布特征、不同无性系雄球花的花粉产量、不同无性系单个雌球花的胚珠产量进行研究.结果表明,日本落叶松雄球花主要着生在二年生和三年生枝上,不同年龄枝条上雄球花的数目差异达到极显著水平;雄球花在树冠不同方位及不同枝条上数目的差异为随机误差;不同无性系植株间单个雄球花的花粉产量差...     

彩色马蹄莲2n配子育种的理论基础

以彩色马蹄莲和2n配子方面的文献为基础,综述了2n配子的发生情况、鉴定方式、遗传学机制及其在育种中的作用和提高2n配子产生频率所面临的问题,并对2n配子在彩色马蹄莲杂交育种利用的优越性和可行性进行了分析。     

小麦-黑麦6RS/6AL易位染色体的遗传稳定性及其在配子中的传递

小麦-黑麦6RS/6AL易位系HM812-41携带抗白粉病基因Pm56。为评价其育种利用潜力,以HM812-41为亲本分别与推广品种蜀麦580、蜀麦830和蜀麦969杂交,杂种F1与中国春进行正反交,研究6RS/6AL易位染色体在不同背景中的遗传稳定性及其通过雌雄配子的传递规律。同时,利用"双顶交"法改良易位系的综合农艺性状。基因组原位杂交结果表明, 6RS/6AL易位染色体在传递过程中结构稳定。6RS/6AL易位染色体可以高频率地通过雌、雄配子传递,其传递率分别为45.05%～53.33%和43.94%～53.04%。初步分析"双顶交"F2分离群体表明, 6RS/6AL易位染色体对主要农艺性状如株高、穗长、小穗数和自交结实率没有明显的不利影响。用"双顶交"法可以快速地改良易位系的综合农艺性状。