水稻内生细菌B196的鉴定及其对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

从水稻体内分离得到的细菌菌株B196对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani的生长有较强抑制作用.通过形态学和生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株B196鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.采用浸种和喷雾的方法将菌株B196接种到水稻植株后,均能在稻株体内回收到该菌株,表明菌株B196能在水稻体内定殖.菌株B196对水稻纹枯病的盆栽和田间防效分别为64.29%和55.13%.     

8个WRKY转录因子在水稻叶片生长和抗病过程中的表达分析

 WRKY是植物体内最大的转录因子家族之一, 其成员在植物生长发育和抗逆过程中发挥重要作用。为了解水稻WRKY的功能, 本研究利用蛋白质免疫印迹(western blotting, WB)技术, 检测了8个WRKY转录因子在水稻叶片生长和Xa21介导的抗白叶枯病过程中的表达丰度变化。结果表明:OsWRKY12、43、55和86在苗期表达量较低, 随叶片的生长表达逐步增加;OsWRKY50和84在苗期叶片中的表达量相对较高, 成熟期下降;未检测到OsWRKY40/64和52在叶片中的表达。在Xa21介导的白叶枯病抗性反应中, OsWRKY40/64、50和52受白叶枯病菌诱导表达, OsWRKY84受侵染后表达量上调, OsWRKY12、43、55和86在抗病过程中没有检测到表达丰度的变化。进一步比较这些转录因子在抗、感和对照(Mock)反应中的表达, 发现抗、感反应间蛋白质的表达变化是相似的。研究结果提示:OsWRKY12、43、55和86可能在叶片正常生长中发挥作用;OsWRKY40/64和52可能在水稻-白叶枯病菌互作过程中发挥作用;OsWRKY50和84则在叶片生长和抗白叶枯病过程中都有一定的功能。     

湿地松与加勒比松杂交制种技术

广东省林业科学研究院系统开展湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelmann）与加勒比松（P．caribaea Morelet）杂交育种的工作始于20世纪90年代。文章在以往杂交育种研究和实践的基础上,总结了一套加勒比松花粉的收集、处理、保存、人工控制授粉和球果与种子的收集、处理、贮藏等技术方法。该技术可为其它针叶树种的人工制种提供技术和方法上的参考。     

野生稻与栽培稻的杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制初探

为了开拓抗虫基因源,培育抗性稳定的水稻抗虫品种,采用感虫的栽培稻雄性不育株为母本,以高抗褐稻虱的野生稻为父本进行有性杂交。通过用改良的苗期群体筛选法,对其后代进行抗性鉴定,证实其抗性可以遗传,已成功地获得了抗褐稻虱的杂种后代。并根据飞虱在抗虫植株上的生存率、群体建立、蜜露量和稻株的受害级别等指标与感虫对照种TN1上的差异显著性作比较,综合评定杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制。结果表明,测试的N482(A)/101392组合的F_5、F_6、F_7和H_4等几个后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制均为抗生性。     

转hrf1基因水稻对稻曲病抗性分析

用注射接种法测定9个转hrf1基因水稻品系对稻曲病的抗性,结果表明B12-2m、B12、HTRP2和NJH12转基因系对稻曲病的抗性有显著提高,其中NJH12对稻曲病的抗性表现最突出。在江苏南京和安徽潜山两地的田间测定结果显示NJH12对稻曲病的抗性表现明显,与对照相比防效提高65%以上。用RT-PCR测定抗病转基因系中防卫基因的表达,在抗病转基因系中,Ospr1a、Ospr1b和PAL等防卫反应基因的表达明显增强。转hrf1基因水稻可能通过诱导防卫反应基因的表达提高水稻对稻曲病的抗性。     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M97抗条锈基因的遗传分析和分子作图

为了明确M97抗条锈性遗传规律,在苗期用7个小麦条锈菌系对M97与感病品种铭贤169的杂交后代F1、F2、F3和BC1代进行抗条锈性遗传分析,并对M97抗Sun11-4的抗条锈基因进行SSR分子标记。M97对Sun11-4和Sun11-11的抗病性均由1对显性基因控制,对CY29、CY30、CY33的抗病性由1显1隐2对基因共同控制,对CY31的抗病性由2对显性基因独立或重叠作用控制。以接种Sun11-4的F2代分离群体构建作图群体,筛选到Xwmc222、Xwmc147、Xbarc229和Xwmc339等4个与抗病基因连锁的SSR标记,其遗传距离分别为3.4、4.8、7.6和12.1 cM。将该抗病基因定位于小麦1DS染色体,且该基因不同于已知的抗条锈基因,暂命名为YrM97。用YrM97两侧遗传距离最近的2个标记Xwmc222和Xwmc147对42个黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种进行分子检测,仅有9.5%的品种具有与YrM97相同的标记位点。     

中国水稻害虫治理对策的演变及其展望

本文简要回顾了中国水稻害虫的变迁、相应的对策演变,从中了解、总结害虫发生与人类治虫对策之间的因果渊源,指出只有师法自然、通过生态工程实施生态治理技术才能持续双赢。     

水稻病虫危害损失和防治效益评估研究初报

2005-2008年笔者在早稻、晚稻生长期间进行防治与不防治对比试验。分析试验数据得出:全程不防治平均减产51.26%,常规防治平均增产113.14%,常规防治平均收益4498.58元/hm2,比全程不防治增86.12%,平均投入产出比1:5.18。拟合出单虫或单病在定局时的发生量(或发生率)与其危害损失之间的线性回归模型:稻飞虱每丛虫量(X)与损失率(Y)之间关系式为Y=8.7654+0.0881X;稻纵卷叶螟卷叶率(X)与损失率(Y)之间关系式为Y=1.9341+0.2851X;二化螟发生率(X)与损失率(Y)之间关系式为Y=1.4182+1.0407X;稻瘟病白穗率(X)与损失率(Y)之间关系式为Y=0.3765+0.9004X;纹枯病病株率(X)与损失率(Y)之间关系式为Y=-2.4469+0.2829X,相关分析均达极显著水平。     

251份水稻品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性鉴定及抗性多样性分析

 采用稻瘟病菌22个鉴别菌株对251份水稻品种（系）进行了抗病性测定,并进行了聚类分析和基因型推导。抗病性测定结果表明,251份品种（系）对鉴别菌株表现出的抗谱类型存在明显的多样性。根据供试品种（系）对鉴别菌株的抗感反应型,可将其划分为12个组,各组的品种（系）对鉴别菌株的反应型和抗性频率存在明显差异。基因型推导结果表明,在251份品种（系）中,70份品种涉及14个抗瘟基因,181份品种（系）不含有待测基因中的任何一个,但都含有其他抗瘟基因。聚类分析结果与基因型推导结果不存在简单的一一对应关系。珍科等10份品种（系）可作为田间抗瘟性筛选的候选材料。     

Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update

Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.