白杨双交无性系水分参数的季节变化规律研究

以（毛白杨×新疆杨）×（银白杨×欧洲山杨）双交杂种无性系为主要材料，应用P－V技术研究了杂种无性系1a生苗木多项水分参数的季节变化。结果表明各项水分参数均有明显的季节变化规律，这一变化规律与树木生长节律相吻合，以，RWC0，ROWC0，εmax，b值6项水分参数对无性系叶片渗透调节和维持膨压能力进行综合评价。结果表明，各无性系渗透调节和维持膨压能力在生长季节较低，到秋季9，10月则迅速提高。MX1，MX2，B429，B432，B431，B414渗透调节能力较高，隶属度平均值在0．416～0．510之间，B430，B433，毛白杨、新疆杨较差，平均值在0．289～0．371。     

Transpiration,photosynthetic responses,tissue water relations and dry mass partitioning in Callistemon plants during drought conditions

Callistemon is an Australian species used as ornamental plant in Mediterranean regions. The objective of this research was to analyse the ability of Callistemon to overcome water deficit in terms of adjusting its physiology and morphology. Potted Callistemon laevis Anon plants were grown in controlled environment and subjected to drought stress by reducing irrigation water by 40% compared to the control (irrigated to container capacity). The drought stress produced the smallest plants throughout the experiment. After three months of drought, the leaf area, number of leaves and root volume decreased, while root/shoot ratio and root density increased. The higher root hydraulic resistance in stressed plants caused decreases in leaf and stem water potentials resulting in lower stomatal conductance and indicating that water flow through the roots is a factor that strongly influences shoot water relations. The water stress affected transpiration (63% reduction compared with the control). The consistent decrease in g_s suggested an adaptative efficient stomatal control of transpiration by this species, resulting in a higher intrinsic water use efficiency (P_n/g_s) in drought conditions, increasing as the experimental time progressed. This was accompanied by an improvement in water use efficiency of production to maintain the leaf water status. In addition, water stress induced an active osmotic adjustment and led to decreases in leaf tissue elasticity in order to maintain turgor. Therefore, the water deficit produced changes in plant water relations, gas exchange and growth in an adaptation process which could promote the faster establishment of this species in gardens or landscaping projects in Mediterranean conditions.     

巴西橡胶树HbCCoAOMT基因克隆及其表达分析

木质素是植物细胞壁的成分之一,其含量高低影响到细胞壁的弹性。橡胶树乳管膨压是割胶后胶乳排出的初动力,乳管细胞壁的物理性能可能是影响乳管膨压的因素之一。本研究采用QRT-PCR和RACE技术,从巴西橡胶树无性系CATAS7-33-97的乳管细胞中克隆到一个木质素合成关键酶CCo AOMT基因的同源基因,命名为HbCCoAOMT。该基因的开放阅读框为741 bp,编码1个由246个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质。该蛋白质分子量为27.76 ku,理论等电点为5.255。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,割胶和乙烯利处理均下调HbCCoAOMT基因在胶乳中的表达。该基因的表达量以及内层树皮的木质素含量在两个橡胶树品种(CATAS8-79和PR107)间存在显著差异。HbCCoAOMT差异表达可能影响到乳管细胞木质素含量和乳管细胞壁的物理性能。     

Response to drought and salt stress of lemon ‘Fino 49’ under field conditions: Water relations,osmotic adjustment and gas exchange

Drought and salinity are two of the most important factors limiting the lemon yield in south-eastern Spain. The effects of drought and salt stress, applied independently, on water relations, osmotic adjustment and gas exchange in the highest evapotranspiration period were studied to compare the tolerance and adaptive mechanisms of 13-year-old ‘Fino 49’ lemon trees, in immature and mature leaves. The study was carried out in an experimental orchard located in Torre Pacheco (Murcia). Three treatments were applied: Control, well-irrigated; drought-stress (DS), non-irrigated from 15th May to 7th July and salinity, irrigated with 30 mM NaCl from 1st March to 7th July. At the end of the experiment, only DS trees showed a decreased leaf stem water potential (Ψ_md). Under DS conditions, both types of leaf lost turgor and did not show any osmotic or elastic mechanism to maintain leaf turgor. Osmotic adjustment was the main tolerance mechanism for maintenance of turgor under salt stress, and was achieved by the uptake of Cl⁻ ions. Gas-exchange parameters were reduced by DS but not by salinity, stomatal closure being the main adaptive mechanism for avoidance of water loss and maintenance of leaf turgor. Salinity gave rise to greater Cl⁻ accumulation in mature than in immature leaves. The increase of proline in immature leaves due to DS indicates greater damage than in mature leaves.     

有机施肥条件下甜玉米的叶片渗透压、植物生长及其光合作用

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a complete random design with six replications. A pressure-volume curve analysis was employed to study the effects of organic fertilizers on plant water relations in sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Honey-bantam) in terms of leaf osmotic concentration (C_s), osmotic potentials at full turgid status (π_FT) and at incipient plasmolysis (π_IP), and of symplastic (ζ_sym) and apoplastic (ζ_apo) fractions in the tissue water compartment in relation to photosynthetic capacity (P_C) and dry mass accumulation. At the seedling stage (day 15), plants with chemical fertilizer treatments showed lower π_FT, π_IP and ζ_apo and higher C_s, ζ_sym and P_C than those with organic fertilizer treatments. Compared to P_C and relative growth, where values from day 15 to day 75 were first lower for organic treatments and then higher, ζ_sym and C_s values were similar, while π_FT and π_IP were opposite being higher then lower. Dry mass production with organic fertilizer was higher than or close to the chemical fertilizer treatments in the later growth stage (day 75), though dry mass production with chemical fertilizers was much higher in the early and middle growing stages (days 15 and 45). Increased photosynthesis and dry mass production in later growth stages due to organic fertilizers were associated with increased osmotic concentration in the tissue and the symplastic fraction of the tissue water compartment. These might favor stomatal opening and biochemical activities.     

Impact of wetting agents,time of day and periodic energy dosing strategy on the efficacy of hot water for weed control

To further increase the cost‐effectiveness and sustainability of hot water weed control, the further optimisation of hot water efficacy is needed. Therefore, three dose–response experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of wetting agents (an ethoxylated triglyceride, an esterified rapeseed oil and a liquid linseed oil‐based soap), time of day (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after sunrise) and treatment frequency (1–6 treatments in a 12 week period) on the hot water sensitivity of prevalent weed species (Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra, Taraxacum officinale and Plantago major) on public pavements. Generally, wetting agents did not improve hot water sensitivity. Taraxacum officinale with large planophile leaves showed a higher sensitivity than grasses with an erectophile growth habit. Festuca rubra was more sensitive than L. perenne due to its high leaf dry matter content. The plant species were most sensitive to hot water in the afternoon. This variation in sensitivity during the day was related to the variation in leaf thickness and dry matter content. In general, hot water weed control was highly efficient when conducted four times in a 12 week period at an energy dose of 589 kJ m^?2.     

Osmotic potential at full turgor: an easily measurable trait to help breeders select for drought tolerance in wheat

This study investigated the relationship between osmotic potential at full hydration (π₁₀₀) and turgor loss point (Ψ_TLP) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) to determine the potential of using π₁₀₀ to predict Ψ_TLP under well‐watered (WW) and drought (WS) conditions. Two methods for determining π₁₀₀ were tested: pressure–volume (PV) analysis and freezing point osmometry. The study also measured π₁₀₀ in a range of 38 field‐grown wheat cultivars to determine whether there is genetic variation in π₁₀₀ under field conditions. π₁₀₀ correlated with Ψ_TLP using both methods under both water treatments, particularly WS. Genetic variation of π₁₀₀ in the field, under rainfed conditions, was greater than controlled conditions and ranged from ?0.94 to ?1.95 MPa. Overall, the evidence supports development of π₁₀₀ as a novel tool for plant breeders to screen large populations of wheat and identify genotypes with lower Ψ_TLP, an integrative trait that is related to drought tolerance.     

ARSENATE INDUCES WATER STRESS

The effects of arsenate and arsenite on growth and transpiration were investigated in cucumber plants grown in nutrient solution containing 2, 10, and 100 μM phosphate, respectively. Root and shoot growth decreased by 48–64% compared to the control in all treatments and there was no significant difference between the effects of arsenic As(V) and As(III) except for the lowest phosphate concentration. At 2 μM phosphate As(III) had significantly higher growth inhibition than As(V). The inhibition of transpiration was between 46–68% in all treatments, and As(V) had stronger effect at 10 μM phosphate compared to 100 μM. Arsenic caused fast wilting 2 hours after the commencement of the treatment. However, the formation of adventitious roots prevented the loss of turgor. The hypothesis that aquaporins might be involved in the action of As(V) has been tested by comparison of the effect of As(V) and Hg, the inhibitor of aquaporins. Both treatments resulted in similar inhibition of growth and transpiration, increase in water saturation deficit and decrease in root exudation. Data imply that (i) phosphate reduces arsenate uptake, (ii) arsenate can be at least partially detoxified in cucumber at higher phosphate concentrations, (iii) arsenate may be reduced to arsenite and (iv) As(V) may interfere with the proper functioning of aquaporins.     

Drought‐induced osmotic adjustment and changes in carbohydrate distribution in leaves and flowers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Research has indicated osmotic adjustment as a mechanism by which leaves and roots of cotton plants overcome a drought period. However, the relevance of this mechanism in reproductive tissues of modern cultivars under drought has not been fully investigated. The objectives of this study were to measure osmoregulation and carbohydrate balance in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves grown under water‐deficit conditions. Two cotton cultivars were grown under controlled environment and field conditions. Plants were exposed to water‐deficit stress at peak flowering, approximately 70 days after planting. Measurements included stomatal conductance, proline concentration, soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration, and water potential components. Stomatal conductance of drought‐stressed plants was significantly lower compared to control, while osmotic adjustment occurred in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves by different primary mechanisms. Pistils accumulated higher sucrose levels, maintaining cell turgor in plants exposed to drought at similar levels to those in well‐watered plants. However, subtending leaves lowered osmotic potential and maintained cell turgor by accumulating more proline. Soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration in leaves were more affected by drought than those of floral tissues, with corresponding reduction in dry matter, suggesting that flowers are more buffered from water‐deficit conditions than the adjacent leaves.     

冬小麦旗叶和籽粒水分状况对灌浆过程的影响

水分亏缺降低冬小麦籽粒水势（＿ｗ）和渗透势（＿ｓ）。在灌浆过程中，籽粒＿ｗ，＿ｓ变化主要与糖合成淀粉有关。花后１０～１２ｄ，籽粒膨压（＿ｐ）达最大值，与籽粒体积迅速膨大相吻合。籽粒灌浆过程对土壤水分亏缺不甚敏感；不严重的水分亏缺淀粉提前合成，促进前期籽粒增重，但灌浆期缩短，产量降低。