适合草莓倍性鉴定的流式细胞术方法的建立

比较了3种提取液制备红颊、川九1号、吉林草莓细胞核悬液流式细胞术检测效果,结果显示,提取液Ⅲ主峰粒子团清晰而集中,背景碎片少,试剂配方简单配制容易,且3种草莓材料倍性差异区分明显,优于其他2种提取液。对红颊草莓不同部位或不同来源的材料进行流式细胞术检测效果比较,结果表明,组培苗的检测效果明显优于大田试材,组培苗叶片因取材容易、主峰清晰、杂峰少、细胞碎片少而成为最佳试材。     

Effect of Graded Levels of Fiber from Alfalfa Meal on Nutrient Digestibility and Flow of Fattening Pigs

The fiber level and composition have an important effect on nutrient digestibility of swine diets. Little information is known about the effects of fiber level and composition from alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibility of fattening pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of alfalfa fiber on the growth performance, intestinal nutrient flow and apparent total tract digestibility（ATTD） of nutrients in fattening pigs. 24 barrows（Duroc×（Large White×Landrace）, body weight=（60.6±0.7） kg） were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 1 pig per replicate. The pigs were provided a control diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20% of alfalfa meal during a 14-d experiment period. Average daily gain（ADG） and the ATTD of dry matter（DM）, organic matter（OM）, crude protein（CP）, neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF） and gross energy（GE） reduced linearly as the level of alfalfa meal in the diet increased（P〈0.01）. The total tract flow of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and GE increased with the increase in dietary alfalfa（linear, P〈0.05）. Growth performance and nutrient digestion were not affected by inclusion of 5% alfalfa meal in the diet（P〉0.05）. A multiple linear regression analysis, taking into account both soluble and insoluble fiber intake, explained approximately 70% of the variation in the ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, and GE（P〈0.01）. In conclusion, alfalfa meal should be limited to less than 5% of the diet in fattening pigs to maximize growth performance and nutrient digestion. Soluble and insoluble fiber from alfalfa meal has the differential roles in nutrient digestion, which may help explain the main variation observed in nutrient digestibility. These findings suggest that knowledge of specific fiber components is necessary to accurately predict the effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility.     

Genetic diversity within sea trout population from an intensively stocked southern Baltic river,based on microsatellite DNA analysis

Sea trout, Salmo trutta L., populations in the Slupia River basin have been affected by mass stocking with smolts and fry. This work is focused on a small‐scale differentiation in sea trout populations from one basin with a strong emphasis on the relationship between wild and hatchery origin fish. A total of 216 sea trout were genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Global F_ST obtained by amova was low at 0.0165. Pairwise F_ST were significant for all tests except wild and stocked adults. The highest pairwise difference was found between the hatchery sample and Kwacza (F_ST = 0.038). Analysis of the genetic structure revealed micro‐geographical differentiation with four subpopulations. The quality of the artificial spawning was found not to be adequate with a high risk of adverse effects to the whole population. All future stocking actions in the basin should consider the existing population structures.     

基于CFD-DEM耦合的网式过滤器水沙运动数值模拟

过滤器内部的水沙运动复杂且多变,初始状态下沙粒分布的不均导致滤芯产生局部堵塞,改变了水流流态并进一步影响后续沙粒运动和分布。本文以CFD-DEM(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD;Discrete element method,DEM)耦合模拟Y型网式过滤器内部流场变化与沙粒运动及分布,直观地反映了滤芯对水流的流动阻力特性与对沙粒运动分布影响。结果表明,过滤器内部存在明显的回流区、旋涡区及滞流区,导致各过滤面流速不均,出口一侧流速大,进口一侧流速小,两者相差39%;随着时间的变化,过滤器内流场变化明显,沙粒堆积依次出现在出口侧下端面、出口侧上端面、进口侧下端面、进口侧上端面上,最终布满整个滤芯;在滤芯的4个过滤面中,出口侧上端面流速大而沙粒堆积最少,进口侧上端面流速小而沙粒堆积最多,由此可见出口侧上端面具有更好的过滤性能,可适当提高该处过水面积,以提高过滤器过滤效率。     

拖拉机液压底盘液控比例流量阀设计与试验

为提高液压驱动拖拉机行驶时的调速稳定性和低速行驶时的平顺性,设计了一种液控比例流量阀。该阀设计有压力补偿功能,以消除压力波动对流量的影响,提高了流量控制精度。通过传统计算和仿真验证的方法对该阀进行结构参数设计。基于阀口迁移理论设计了阀芯节流槽,以增大调速区间。仿真结果表明:该阀控制流量范围为0~5.67×10-3m3/s,流量变化平稳,流量调速控制压力区占总控制压力区间的68.4%;压力补偿阀控制补偿压力在0.3~0.7 MPa的范围内,可使比例换向阀流量稳定。试验结果表明:拖拉机空载、发动机怠速工况时,流量调速控制压力区占总控制压力区间的45%;拖拉机空载、发动机高速工况时,流量调速控制压力区占总控制压力区间的62%;拖拉机重载、发动机怠速工况时,流量调速控制压力区占总控制压力区间的49.5%;拖拉机重载、发动机高速工况时,流量调速控制压力区占总控制压力区间的48.5%;当控制压力为0.78 MPa时,液控比例阀流量稳定在8.33×10-5m3/s;当控制压力为0.84 MPa时,液控比例阀流量稳定在2.5×10-4m3/s。     

Stimulation in the movement and uptake of phosphorus in response to magnetic P solution and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Ocimum basilicum

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effects of magnetic field, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and phosphorus (P) concentration in the nutrient solution (0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg L^?1) on the mobility and accumulation of P in soil and plant tissues of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The experiment was designed as a factorial combination and treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Magnetic field increased water-soluble P in the soil and P concentration in plant shoot by 30.0% and 13.0%, respectively, in comparison to the control. The application of magnetic field and inoculation of AMF at 10 mg P L^?1 increased the P translocation efficiency by 23.3% and 17.8%, respectively. Overall, our results demonstrated that the use of magnetic field and AMF could be an effective tool for enhancing of uptake and movement efficiency of P even at low concentrations.     

稻田—田埂过渡区土壤优先流特征研究

为揭示田埂对稻田—田埂过渡区土壤水分渗漏的影响,对比不同位点(田内、过渡带和田埂)优先流特征差异,采用室外亮蓝染色示踪方法,对江汉平原典型稻田—田埂过渡区进行研究。结果表明:过渡区土壤染色面积比(SAR)随深度的增加呈波动下降,其中0~20cm土层SAR较高,占剖面总SAR的53.85%~88.55%。不同位点土壤SAR差异明显,0~20 cm土层平均SAR由大到小依次为田内、过渡带、田埂,20 cm以下各位点SAR均较低,但田埂平均SAR高于田内。各位点水平剖面染色结果与垂直染色结果能较好对应,且随着深度增加,土壤染色区域急剧减少。各位点染色路径数(SPN)与SAR显著相关,田埂中、下层土壤SPN均高于田内。染色路径宽度(SPW)结果显示,0~20 cm田内以10~80 mm和大于80 mm SPW为主,过渡带和田埂大于80 mm SPW较少,均以小于10 mm和10~80 mm为主。各位点SPW的差异反映在水流类型上,田内为非均质指流—高相互作用大孔隙流,过渡区和田埂以混合作用大孔隙流—高相互作用大孔隙流为主。水分渗漏路径结果显示,田内水分由过渡带和田埂的垂直和侧向渗漏较强,且田沟田埂侧向流较田间田埂明显。田埂是稻田水分快速流失的主要区域,加剧了稻田水肥流失和水环境污染风险。本研究可为稻田水分保持和制定合理施肥、灌溉等措施提供依据。     

农牧交错带农牧系统氮素流动与环境效应——以山西省为例

【目的】探明山西省农牧交错带农牧生产系统的氮素流动特征及其环境效应,进一步为山西实施区域养分资源管理、加快农牧交错带产业结构调整提供科学依据。【方法】在整理统计资料、文献数据和实地调研的基础上,使用食物链养分流动模型（nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources use,NUFER）和GIS,估算山西省农牧交错带（主要涉及大同、朔州、忻州、吕梁、临汾和太原等6个地市）42个县区农牧生产系统的氮素账户平衡、流动路径及损失途径。【结果】不同县区农田化学氮肥投入存在“两极分化”的现象,投入水平范围在6.7-253 kg·hm^-2,极值间相差38倍;各县区农田氮素的投入结构也表现出较大差异,主要跟当地化学氮肥施用习惯及农业种植结构有很大的关系;单位农田面积农作物主产品的氮素携出量范围在19.11-96.75 kg·hm^-2,空间上整体呈现南北高、中部低的变化趋势;不同县区农田氮素盈余量在-16-202 kg·hm^-2,氮素亏缺与盈余情况并存;区内畜牧生产系统中外源饲料氮素投入差异较大,朔州市的山阴县外源饲料氮素投入高达0.94×10⁴ t,而忻州的五寨、临汾的隰县、大宁和蒲县,则可以通过作物生产系统来满足畜牧生产系统的饲料需求,也充分反映了各县区畜牧业养殖规模和农牧产业结构存在较大差异;区内单位面积农田动物主产品氮素携出量范围在1.51-27.50 kg·hm^-2,极差25.99 kg·hm^-2,说明各县区畜牧生产系统的生产力水平差异较大,单位农田面积动物主产品的氮素携出量＞13 kg·hm^-2的分布在区域北部朔州市的山阴、怀仁、大同等县区,表明这些县区畜牧生产系统中的氮素利用率较高;单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿氮素负荷较高（＞50 kg·hm^-2）的县区主要分布在区域北部;农牧生产系统氮素损失的空间分布格局明显：一级区（＞200 kg·hm^-2）分布在区域北部,二级区（120-200 kg·hm^-2）分布在区域南部和北部,三级区（＜120 kg·hm^-2）主要分布在区域中部,今后应重点关注区域北部农牧业生产过程中的氮素损失及环境问题。【结论】农业生产结构不合理、“农牧分离”是造成农牧生产系统氮素利用率低下的主要原因,今后农田养分资源综合管理要在空间上合理配置氮素资源,在养分投入上既要考虑化学氮肥和粪尿氮素的投入,还要兼顾来源于环境投入部分的氮素,更要注重和畜牧生产系统的耦合,以最小的环境代价生产更多的农牧产品。     

常见细菌培养物光密度与浓度的关系研究

为建立准确评估细菌培养物浓度和生长状态的方法,分别采用流式细胞仪和分光光度计对实验室常见3种培养物包括大肠杆菌Escherichia coli S17-1、集胞蓝细菌Synechocysitis sp.PCC 6803和枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillius subtilis 168在不同浓度下的细胞数目和光密度进行了测定。随后将每个培养物在系列浓度下的光密度和细胞浓度进行比较,建立了光密度-细胞浓度的函数关系。结果表明,在一定浓度下,3种实验室常见培养物的光密度和细胞浓度呈显著线性正相关。最后,采用拟合函数验证在培养过程中细菌培养物的光密度与细胞浓度的关系。本研究建立了Escherichia coli S17-1、Synechocysitis sp.PCC 6803和Bacillius subtilis 168菌株光密度与细胞浓度的关系,可为相关菌株采用分光光度法判断培养物细胞浓度及下游分子生物学实验的开展奠定基础。     

回流滴灌系统泥沙输移及抗堵塞性能研究

为探究在传统支状滴灌系统末端设置回流管后滴灌系统毛管主流流速增加后回流滴灌系统的输沙排沙潜力及其抗堵塞性能,通过周期滴灌实验分析回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数以及滴头堵塞情况,并对毛管内沉积泥沙分布特点和系统各部分输沙排沙所占比重进行分析。实验结果表明:0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数、滴头堵塞数量均明显优于支状滴灌系统。回流流速为0.05、0.035、0.015 m·s~(-1)三种回流系统中毛管沉泥量依次增加,但均低于支状滴灌系统的毛管泥沙沉积数量,同时四种回流滴灌系统均表现为沿水流方向毛管内沉泥量逐渐增加。支状滴灌系统、0.015 m·s~(-1)回流、0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流系统回流排沙量分别为0、1.59、4.30、7.52 kg,表明回流管具有良好的输沙排沙能力。