Lipid digestion in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). I: Lipid class and fatty acid composition of digesta from different segments of the digestive tract

The lipid content and lipid composition of digesta from the stomach, foregut, hindgut and rectum of juvenile turbot fed a commercial diet were determined in order to examine the process of lipid digestion in this species. The moisture content of the digesta increased along the digestive tract from 71.5% in the stomach to 89.6% in the rectum. The lipid content of the digesta increased initially from 15.7% of the dry weight in the stomach to 36.1% in the foregut but thereafter decreased through 23.2% in the hindgut to 9.1% in the rectum. The proportion of triacylglycerols (TAG) in the total lipid of the digesta decreased from 63% in the stomach to 17.4% in the rectum whereas that of free fatty acids (FFA) increased from 10016 to 48.9%. The highest proportions of monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG) and most phospholipids were observed in the lipid of the hindgut digesta. In addition, a fall in levels of neutral and phospholipid classes as digesta moved from hindgut to rectum signified absorption. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes TAG, DAG and MAG suggest a polyunsaturated fatty acid specificity for hydrolysis may exist. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for 17.9%, 45.4% and 37.0%, respectively of the FFA present in the foregut whereas the corresponding values for the rectum were 32.6%, 51.9% and 16.3%. Overall, the results suggest a PUFA specifity for hydrolysis may exist alongside the positional non-specific lipolytic activity associated with the hindgut regions of the digestive tract of turbot and that PUFA, released by lipolysis are more effectively absorbed from the digesta than monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids.     

Slaughtering method and dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation affect rigor mortis and fillet shelf-life of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.

The effects of dietary α‐tocopheryl acetate supplementation and different slaughtering methods were investigated on the flesh quality of farmed market‐size turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L). Turbot were divided into three groups and fed commercial diets, supplemented with different levels of α‐tocopheryl acetate at the following dietary inclusion levels: 72 (100), 547 (500), 969 (1000) (mg of α‐tocopheryl acetate kg^?1 diet, analytical values with diet codes in brackets). After 5 months, fish (mean weight 1056 ± 19.7 g) from each dietary treatment were sampled, applying three different slaughtering methods: (A) bleeding in ice water; (B) thermal shock, no bleeding; (C) percussion followed by bleeding in ice water. The time course of rigor mortis was evaluated, using pH, rigor index and mechanical compression tests. The results showed that the three parameters corresponded very well. Percussive stunning resulted in higher initial post‐mortem pH (P < 0.01) and a significantly delayed onset of rigor mortis (P < 0.05). Diet significantly affected shelf‐life, with fillets from fish fed diets 500 and 1000 having lower TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) numbers from day 2 (P < 0.001) and less colour deterioration from day 7 of storage on ice onwards (P < 0.05). These results suggest that an increase in dietary α‐tocopheryl acetate before slaughter as well as careful selection of the slaughtering method may greatly enhance the flesh quality of market‐size turbot.     

大菱鲆hepcidin抗菌肽基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

通过同源克隆结合RACE的方法从大菱鲆(Scophthal mus maximus)肝脏中克隆了大菱鲆hepcidin抗菌肽基因全长cDNA(GenBank accession number AY994074)。大菱鲆hepcidin基因cDNA全长778bp,包含有1个273bp的开放阅读框,编码1个长90氨基酸的前体肽。将大菱鲆hepcidin抗菌肽基因的成熟肽序列重组至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,用IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE电泳显示在29ku处有特异性蛋白条带出现,表达的融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,融合蛋白约占总蛋白的26%。Western-blotting分析发现表达的融合蛋白可以特异性地与GST抗体相识别。这些结果表明大菱鲆hepcidin抗菌肽基因成功实现了原核表达。     

不同玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究不同玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物(DDGS)含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响。选用720尾初重为(13.00±0.01)g的大菱鲆幼鱼,随机分为8个组,每个组设3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。D3、D6、D9、D12组为不加酶对照组,分别饲喂以玉米DDGS替代基础饲料中3%、6%、9%、12%鱼粉的试验饲料;D3+、D6+、D9+、D12+组为加酶试验组,分别饲喂以玉米DDGS替代基础饲料中3%、6%、9%、12%鱼粉并添加木聚糖酶(活性为120 163U/g,添加量为20g/t)和纤维素酶(活性为13 424U/g,添加量为300g/t)的试验饲料。试验期为9周。结果表明:大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率均高于不加酶对照组,但差异未达显著水平(P0.05)。各组大菱鲆幼鱼摄食率以及全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比和脏体比也无显著差异(P0.05)。大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均高于不加酶对照组,其中D9+组的干物质表观消化率较D9组显著升高(P0.05),D3+组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较D3组显著升高(P0.05),D12+组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较D12组显著升高(P0.05)。大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性均较不加酶对照组显著提高(P0.05),血清丙二醛的含量较不加酶对照组显著降低(P0.05)。由此得出,在不同玉米DDGS含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶提高了大菱鲆幼鱼对饲料的利用效果。     

Effects of hypoxia on respiratory physiology of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

Variations in respiratory and acid-base status were studied in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) during progressive severe hypoxia followed by recovery under normoxic conditions. The first behavioural strategy of turbot under hypoxia was an increase in amplitude and frequency of ventilation. Consequently, standard O₂ consumption remained unchanged over a broad range of O₂ tensions, until a low critical level of 30 mmHg. The hyperventilation induced a moderate blood alkalosis, compensated by a lactic acidosis. The fact that blood pH did not decrease below control values could be explained by the retention in white muscle of most of the lactate produced and by a high capacity for H⁺ excretion. During the recovery period, the marked increase in O₂ uptake corresponding to an oxygen debt repayment, was partly related to the lactate elimination. When total energy contributions of aerobic and anaerobic processes were assessed in terms of ATP, the anaerobic contribution, estimated at the deepest hypoxia level, was higher than 20% of the total energy budget and appeared to totally compensate for the decline in aerobic metabolism. Moreover, the high value of O₂ tension in arterial blood in normoxia and during recovery from hypoxia showed high diffusing capacity of gills in turbot. Our results explain the high tolerance of turbot for O₂ deficient waters.     

温度对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、成活率和体内蛋白酶活性的影响

通过温度的变化研究不同温度对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、成活率和消化器官内蛋白酶活性的影响,结果表明,A在温度达到0℃时,幼鱼成活率为30%;4℃以上至20℃时成活率为100%,22~24℃为80%;26℃为40%;当水温达到28℃时,幼鱼成活率为0(20d)。养殖水温在8℃以下时,幼鱼基本不摄食,体重没有增长。12~16℃时,其生长速度随温度的升高而加快,当养殖水温达到20℃时,其生长速度与16℃条件下的生长速度相比较开始下降,达到24℃时,幼鱼生长速度已经明显下降,与12℃条件下的体重增长速度相接近。在8℃之前,幼鱼胃、肠和肝脏等消化器官中的蛋白酶活力单位含量较低。随温度的增加,酶活力单位显著增加,其中胃中的消化酶活力增加最快。     

Ocular bacterial signatures of exophthalmic disease in farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

As is the case at other sites in the body (e.g. the gut, skin and mouth), the ocular microbiota plays a crucial role in their host, as disturbances of the composition and function of the ocular microbiota are known to be associated with ocular disorders. Exophthalmic disease (ED) is a significant cause of high mortality in fish species, including farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). However, the relationship between alterations in the ocular microbiota and ED in turbot is unclear. In this work, we collected turbot samples from farmed ponds with ED and healthy samples to understand changes in the ocular microbiota of turbot suffering from ED. We compared the structural and metabolic differences of ocular bacterial communities from farmed turbot with exophthalmic disease and those of healthy controls. Besides less microbial diversity found in turbot with ED regarding the control group, we also found that Aeromonas was the dominant bacteria both in controls and ED samples, but the abundance of Aeromonas was significantly greater in ED individuals. Moreover, the results of correlation test further suggest that Aeromonas overgrowth was correlated with the progress of the disease and shifts in ocular microbiota functional pathways in turbot. These findings emphasize that an increased abundance of Aeromonas serves as an ocular bacterial signature associated with ED in turbot, which provide basic information useful for diagnoses, prevention and treatment of ocular diseases occurring in cultured fish.     

溶藻弧菌脂多糖对大菱鲆免疫保护实验

采用粗提脂多糖(LPS)对体重为110~150g大菱鲆进行免疫保护实验。注射浓度为20mg/mL和40mg/mL的LPS溶液0.2mL,以及按5‰比例添加到饲料中进行投喂试验。免疫后用0.1mL浓度为1×109CFU/mL的溶藻胶弧菌分别进行5次感染实验。结果显示:第7天即可产生免疫保护作用,RPS可达75%,免疫保护作用可持续3个月。     

Effects of replacing fishmeal with different cottonseed meals on growth,feed utilization,haematological indexes,intestinal and liver morphology of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

A ten‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fishmeal with two differently processed cottonseed meals (CSM), namely XC and SC, separately in turbot (5.28 ± 0.02 g). Nine isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated without fishmeal replacement (FM), 150 g/kg (XC15, SC15), 250 g/kg (XC25, SC25), 350 g/kg (XC35, SC35) and 450 g/kg (XC45, SC45) of fishmeal replaced by CSM. Fishmeal was successfully replaced by XC in turbot diets without growth reduction at 350 g/kg, but not by SC even at 150 g/kg. The apparent digestibility coefficients of SC‐included diets were significantly lower than XC‐included diets at same replacement level. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase and superoxide dismutase were significantly affected in XC45 and SC45 group. The XC45 and SC‐included diets caused shortened distal intestine villi height and structural damage of liver compared with FM diet. This study indicated that different processing methods could affect the nutritional value of CSM and effect as a protein source for turbot. CSM with high quality could be an important alternative dietary protein source for juvenile turbot.     

Price and production trends in the marine fish aquaculture in Spain

The Spanish aquaculture sector has undergone a rapid and continuous growth becoming one of the biggest European producers. A wide range of species are farmed and, among them, the sea bass, sea bream and turbot make a significant contribution to the total of the Spanish fish farming output. In this paper, we analyse and predict the medium-term trend of the production and price level for the three leading species previously mentioned. The results obtained show a significant increase in the production of sea bream, sea bass and turbot. The results show also a slight decrease in the sea bream average price, a stable trends for the sea bass and increasing prices for the turbot.