PBAT型全生物降解膜对南疆番茄产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）材料的全生物降解地膜的降解过程及其对番茄产量和土壤环境的影响,采用田间试验的方法,在南疆对比分析了PBAT型全生物降解地膜（降解膜）和普通聚乙烯地膜（CK）的降解性能及其对土壤温湿度、土壤养分及番茄产量的影响。结果表明,降解膜的降解过程为先出现裂纹,然后裂纹变长,覆膜100 d左右50%膜面无肉眼可见地膜。6-7月降解膜降解率较小,介于4.92%~17.99%,8月较大,为63.03%;而CK在整个生育期未出现降解。降解膜处理的番茄产量较CK减少941.67 kg·hm^-2,减产率2.60%,但处理间产量差异不显著。整个生育期,降解膜膜下5、15 cm和25 cm土层平均土温分别较CK低0.73、0.60℃和0.54℃,处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）;膜下5 cm和25 cm土层降解膜处理平均土壤含水率分别较CK高2.84个百分点和3.54个百分点,而膜下15 cm土层较CK低13.15个百分点,处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）。0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,番茄生育期两处理的土壤养分差异均不显著。研究表明,降解膜降解性能良好,对番茄产量和土壤养分等指标的影响与CK相当,以降解膜代替普通地膜应用于番茄生产具有一定可行性。     

生物可降解地膜对土壤肥力及马铃薯产量的影响

以‘紫花白’为试验材料,设置裸地(对照)、聚乙烯塑料地膜覆盖、生物可降解A膜覆盖、玉米秸秆覆盖、生物可降解B膜覆盖5种覆盖栽培方式,分别于苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期、成熟期采集0~20cm土层土样,于成熟期称量马铃薯块茎重量、测定土壤肥力及计算马铃薯产量,研究不同生物降解地膜对土壤肥力及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明,生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜覆盖均可增加土层肥力,其中生物可降解B膜覆盖效果最为显著,可提高土壤有机质2.51 g/kg、碱解氮7.24 mg/kg、有效磷16.05 mg/kg、速效钾9.68 mg/kg。各覆盖处理与裸地相比较,马铃薯块茎产量增加了6.25%、21.18%、17.07%、31.71%。因此,采用生物可降解地膜覆盖可以改善土壤肥力状况,提高马铃薯产量,且以生物可降解B膜覆盖效果最好。     

不同材料地膜覆盖对玉米生物学性状的影响

【目的】比较同一气候条件下不同材料地膜覆盖的集雨效果,为选择高效集雨保墒、环保无污染的覆盖材料提供理论依据。【方法】在2008-2009年于渭北旱塬选用普通地膜、生物降解膜和液态膜3种材料,在玉米不同时期进行覆盖(生育期覆盖和周年覆盖),以不覆盖的传统平作为对照,比较不同覆盖材料对土壤含水量、温度及玉米生长发育、生物量和产量的影响。【结果】与对照相比,普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖处理,5～10cm土层土壤平均温度分别增加了1.6和1.3℃,0～200cm土壤平均含水量分别增加了7.8%和7.3%,玉米生育期普遍提前,株高和生物量较对照显著增加(P0.05);液态膜覆盖表现不稳定。2年试验中,玉米生育期覆盖普通地膜、生物降解膜和液态膜处理的籽粒产量较对照分别提高19.96%,19.67%和4.77%,水分利用效率平均提高30.67%,29.69%和7.36%;周年覆盖普通地膜、生物降解膜和液态膜籽粒产量比对照分别提高23.75%,23.90%和5.31%,水分利用效率提高32.06%,31.59%和8.44%;生育期和周年覆盖普通地膜、生物降解膜的增产作用均达显著水平(P0.05)。【结论】覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜均能显著增加作物产量和水分利用效率,且两者之间无明显差异,因此生物降解膜可以替代普通地膜应用于农业生产。     

全生物降解地膜对渭北台塬土壤水热和作物经济效益的影响

为研究不同地膜覆盖对渭北台塬土壤水热环境及作物经济效益的影响,以甘薯品种‘济薯26’作为试验材料,通过设置全生物降解黑色地膜(M1)、全生物降解透明地膜(M2)和普通聚乙烯透明地膜(M3) 3个处理,研究不同处理对甘薯全生育期土壤温度、土壤湿度和甘薯产后经济收益的影响。结果表明：在甘薯生长前期,M2和M3处理下土壤温度高于M1,随着甘薯生长时间增加,M3处理下土壤温度高于M1和M2处理。甘薯全生育期,M3处理下土壤温度平均值较M1和M2处理分别高0.19℃和0.51℃。覆膜处理对土壤温度和水分的影响效果随土层深度增加而逐渐减弱。甘薯全生育期,M1和M2处理下土壤水分较M3处理分别降低0.67%和2.23%。M2处理下甘薯产量、商品率和总收入最高,其投入产出比最低,经济效益最佳。综上所述,考虑到地膜覆盖栽培技术长期应用对农田生态环境和耕地土壤质量的影响,结合不同地膜覆盖对增温、保墒和投入产出比的影响,全生物降解地膜有利于农业生态系统的可持续发展,以M2处理经济效益最佳,适宜在该地区持续应用。     

碱处理玉米秸秆制备可降解育苗钵研究

以碱处理玉米秸秆制备的悬浮浆液为原料,采用负压吸附成型工艺,利用有机可降解育苗钵成型机做钵,进行可降解育苗钵成型探索。试验发现:碱处理玉米秸秆得到的秸秆纤维中纤维素和半纤维素总量保持在7 5%~8 5%,碱浓度越高,纤维素比例越高;TS在4%~6%时,育苗钵的湿坯含水率适宜,对应浆液表观粘度也较大,育苗钵成型效果好;吸浆时间在1.5~3s、真空度在230~270k Pa时,育苗钵湿坯含水率在合适范围,吸附力对浆液表观粘度影响较小,育苗钵成型效果较好。本研究可为育苗钵的成型和降解提供参考。     

北方干旱区降解膜覆盖农田玉米生长和氮素利用模拟及优化

为了明确干旱区降解地膜覆盖下作物生长及氮肥利用特征,在内蒙古河套灌区进行两年的降解膜覆盖农田施肥试验。在降解膜覆盖下设4个施氮水平:0(BN0)、216(BN1:追施氮160)、276(BN2:追施氮220)、336(BN3:追施氮280)kg/hm2,另设高氮塑料地膜覆盖(PN3)与高氮无膜覆盖(NN3)处理作为对照。率定和验证了不同类型地膜覆盖条件的DNDC模型(denitrification-decompositionmodel,脱氮-分解作用模型),模拟并研究了不同类型地膜覆盖及不同施氮量对玉米生长、氮素吸收及利用效率的影响,并基于线性+平台模型优化了施肥模式。结果表明:在灌浆期降解地膜与塑料地膜覆盖下玉米生长无明显差异,干物质累积量2a平均仅降低了2.41%(P>0.05),但比无膜处理分别提高了9.65%(P<0.05);在收获期降解地膜与塑料地膜覆盖处理之间差异增大但仍未达显著水平,仅降低了3.07%(P>0.05),且作物的日吸氮量、产量、氮肥利用率和氮素吸收效率也无显著差异,2 a平均分别仅降低1.09%、3.97%、3.08%和2.22%(P>0.05),但比无膜覆盖处理分别提高了7.04%、13.67%、12.90%和8.90%(P<0.05)。随着施氮量增加干物质累积量的增大趋势趋于平缓甚至出现负值,施氮量为336 kg/hm2(BN3)处理较276 kg/hm2(BN2)处理降低了1.06%,日吸氮量、累积吸氮量和产量仅提高了0.35%、0.78%和0.34%(P>0.05),而比216 kg/hm2(BN1)处理分别提高了6.41%、8.38%、23.58%和35.37%(P<0.05)。通过DNDC模型不同情景模拟及线性+平台模型寻优,得到降解地膜覆盖农田施氮肥252.94 kg/hm2时,继续增加氮肥对产量无明显促进作用,为该地区降解地膜覆盖下较优的施肥模式。     

可降解地膜覆盖和有机无机氮肥配施对胡麻干物质和产量的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究了不覆膜、普通地膜和0.008、0.010、0.012 mm厚度的可降解地膜以及不施氮、单施化学氮肥(120 kg·hm-2)、化学氮肥与有机氮肥配施(120 kg·hm-2,2/3化学氮肥,1/3有机氮肥)对胡麻干物质积累、籽粒灌浆以及经济产量的影响.结果表明,可降解地膜和普通地膜覆盖胡麻生育期...     

Repair of radial fractures in toy breed dogs with self-reinforced biodegradable bone plates, metal screws, and light-weight external coaptation

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique for, and outcome after, treatment of radial fractures with biodegradable self-reinforced polylactide plates and metal screws, and external coaptation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Eleven Toy breed dogs. METHODS: Radial fractures were repaired by application of a single or 2 stacked biodegradable self-reinforced polylactide plates (poly-L/D, L-lactide, stereocopolymer [LL-and DL-lactide ratio 70/30]; SR-PLA (70/30) implants) secured with metal screws, and light-weight external coaptation. Healing was evaluated clinically and by radiography at 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24-26 weeks, and at 1 and 2 years. Owners were interviewed 3 years after surgery. RESULTS: Radial fracture lines disappeared within 4-14 weeks in 10 dogs; an implant failed in 1 dog. Ambulation was excellent for healed fractures. Excessive skin tension led to removal of implants in 1 dog and suture repair in another dog. No foreign body reaction from implant degradation was observed and the plate was usually no longer palpable at 2 years. One dog had a fracture through a screw hole at 1 year. CONCLUSION: Healing and complication rates after repair of radial fractures with SR-PLA (70/30) plates were considered similar or better than reported after repair with metallic plates or external fixation in Toy breed dogs. No radiographic signs of osteopenia were identified under the plate during follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Biodegradable polylactide plates could be considered as an alternative to metal plates for radial fracture repair in Toy breed dogs, however available plates are likely not strong enough when used as a single plate. Implant removal is usually not needed.     

Laboratory and field tests of spray-dried and granular formulations of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain with insecticidal activity against the sugarcane borer

Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) with insecticidal activity against the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were developed and tested under laboratory and field conditions. The formulations were prepared using biodegradable polymers such as modified corn starch as an encapsulating agent, gelatin as an adherent, powdered sugarcane as a feeding stimulant and a Bt var. kurstaki GM-34 strain from a non-sugarcane region as the active ingredient. The spore-crystal complex of this strain was mixed at three different concentrations (30, 70 and 100 g kg(-1)) with the other ingredients. The blends were prepared as spray-dried and granular formulations, and then submitted to laboratory tests with two day old larvae of D. saccharalis and field tests in sugarcane crops with natural sugarcane borer infestation. Spray-dried formulations in laboratory bioassays caused mortality near 100% with all three concentrations, and granular formulations caused mortality around 84%. The field tests showed that spray-dried formulations at 70 and 100 g kg(-1) concentrations were as effective as a commercial bioinsectide (Lepinox), while granular formulations were ineffective.     

不同覆膜方式下PPC地膜降解特征分析

采用大田试验，设置无覆膜（CK）、PPC地膜双层覆盖（DF）及单层覆盖（SF）3种处理，分析玉米生长期间土壤的保温保水性能效果及PPC地膜在降解过程中结构变化。结果表明：2 a试验结果呈相同趋势，从地膜破解时间看，60 d时SF处理地膜表面产生细小裂纹后随时间推移逐渐增大至地膜破碎，而DF处理与SF处理相比较，延迟30～60 d，地膜表面出现裂纹。同时DF处理有效提高土壤温度和含水量，2018年试验中的120~150 d时，DF处理的土壤温度较SF、CK处理分别高7.30%~10.29%;DF处理的土壤含水量分别比SF和CK高5.89%~10.99%。2019年试验中的60 d、120 d和150 d时，DF处理的土壤温度与SF和CK相比，显著高5.44%~24.85%;90~150 d内DF处理的土壤含水量比SF、CK处理高8.60%~22.28%。对不同处理的地膜红外光谱吸收峰相对强度分析可知，与SF处理相比较，DF处理的C-OH、C=O、C-O-C键伸缩振动吸收峰强度下降趋势缓慢；与DF处理相比较，SF处理的数均分子量、重均分子量及力学性能的断裂伸长率、伸拉力强度明显降低。综合分析说明，双层PPC地膜覆盖方式可减缓地膜降解反应而导致的地膜破裂，进而提高土壤保温保水性能，可在实践中应用。