互叶白千层油(茶树油)对肉鸡小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道免疫细胞的影响

选用1日龄的雌性岭南黄肉鸡99只,随机分为3组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,每组33只。对照组常规饲养,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别在饮水中添加0.012 mL/L和0.020 mL/L的茶树油,试验至45日龄结束。解剖取十二指肠、空肠、回肠进行HE染色和PAS染色,观察小肠黏膜形态、上皮内淋巴细胞及杯状细胞数目。结果显示,2个试验组与对照组相比,各段小肠的绒毛长度增加,肠壁变薄,隐窝深度变浅,肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值增加;2个试验组的上皮内杯状细胞和淋巴细胞的数目高于对照组。结果表明,茶树油能够改善肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,增加小肠上皮内免疫细胞数量,提示茶树油对肉鸡的肠道吸收和肠道免疫功能具有增强作用。     

Is the use of formulae a reliable way to predict the accuracy of genomic selection?

We studied four formulae used to predict the accuracy of genomic selection prior to genotyping. The objectives of our study were to investigate the impact of the parameters of each formula on the values of accuracy calculated using these formulae, and to check whether the accuracies reported in the literature are in agreement with the formulae. First, we computed the marginal distribution of accuracy (by integration) for each parameter of all four formulae: heritability h², reference population size T, number of markers M and number of effective segments in the genome M_e. Then, we collected 145 accuracies and corresponding parameters reported in 13 publications on genomic selection (mainly in dairy cattle), and performed analysis of variance to test the differences between observed and predicted accuracy with effects of formulae and parameters. The variation of accuracy for different values of each parameter indicated that two parameters, T and M_e, had a significant impact and that considerable differences existed between the formulae (mean accuracies differed by up to 0.20 point). The results of our meta‐analysis showed a big formula effect on the accuracies predicted using each formula, and also a significant effect of the value obtained for M_e calculated from N_e (effective population size). Each formula can therefore be demonstrated to be optimal depending on the assumption used for M_e. In conclusion, no rules can be applied to predict the reliability of genomic selection using these formulae.     

Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) Space Use Minimally Affected by Oil and Gas Development

Despite the fact that the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus Linnaeus; hereafter, bobwhite) is one of the most well-studied and widely distributed wildlife species in North America, we know little about how bobwhite respond to oil and gas infrastructure. We investigated the impacts of oil and gas development on space use of bobwhite using a multiseason approach. We captured and monitored bobwhite in the breeding season (1 April–30 September, n = 135 individuals) and nonbreeding season (1 October–31 March, n = 30 coveys) and modeled their habitat selection in a resource-utilization function (third order, within home range selection) and resource-selection function (second order, home range selection) format. Generally, energy infrastructure effects on bobwhite were neutral, but breeding season bobwhite did select for areas near low-traffic roads (β = ? 0.31 ± 0.15 SE). In the nonbreeding season, coveys selected for areas within their home range with a limited viewshed (i.e., areas with limited visibility of anthropogenic structures; β = ? 0.03 ± 0.02 SE). Selection differed between sexes for well pads (t = ? 2.12, P = 0.04) but was otherwise similar. At the level of home range selection, bobwhite exhibited a preference for areas with a low density of oil and gas wells and a high density of low-traffic roads during both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons (breeding: β_well = ? 0.14 ± 0.02, β_road = 0.26 ± 0.27; nonbreeding: β_well = ? 0.08 ± 0.03, β_road = 0.16 ± 0.03). As a generalist species, bobwhite appear to be largely tolerant of energy infrastructure and associated disturbances at moderate levels of development but may be sensitive to high densities of oil and gas pads.     

湖北五峰后河国家级自然保护区果子狸秋冬季栖息地选择

2006年6月～2007年3月,在湖北五峰后河国家级自然保护区内,应用选择系数、选择指数、判别分析,对果子狸在秋冬季节栖息地的选择和利用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,秋季与冬季果子狸对栖息地的选择有差异性。秋季在低海拔地区有较多林木果实、藤本果实成熟,不需要消耗太多能量即可满足自身需要。冬季气温下降,果子狸较喜欢选择海拔较高的阳坡活动,以获取更多热量。     

养殖(畜牧)领域专业学位研究生论文选题状况分析

养殖(畜牧)领域专业学位研究生论文选题具有广泛性、交叉性、应用性和创新性等特点,本文以甘肃农业大学2012-2016届75篇已授学位的学位论文选题为讨论对象,总结论文选题的经验和存在的问题,以期为今后该类研究生论文的选题和提高培养质量提供参考。     

Innovative layer genetics to handle global challenges in egg production

1. In commercial layer breeding, extensive gene pools are tested and selected for market requirements which must be anticipated at least 5 years ahead. Field results confirm a continuous positive genetic trend in egg output and better feed efficiency which can be converted into land savings.

2. Animal welfare and cage-free housing dominate future needs of the market. Nesting behaviour and minimal tendency to develop feather-pecking or cannibalism without beak treatment are key trait complexes. Stronger shells for longer production cycles without moulting have to be combined with better bones.

3. No single big gene effect can be expected to control the multifactorial problem of feather-pecking. Adjusting the shape of the beak, with a heritability of .10–.25, can contribute to reducing the risk of severe cannibalism.

4. For better skeletal integrity, the assessment of bone quality in pedigree birds housed in enriched cages is done by keel bone palpation or ultrasound measurement of the humerus. Both traits show similar heritabilities in the range of .15–.30 and can be included in a balanced selection approach for performance, quality and welfare traits.

5. The combination of performance testing and genome-wide DNA marker analysis is a promising tool to generate more progress for a balanced performance and behaviour profile.     

Within‐ and across‐breed imputation of high‐density genotypes in dairy and beef cattle from medium‐ and low‐density genotypes

The objective of this study was to evaluate, using three different genotype density panels, the accuracy of imputation from lower‐ to higher‐density genotypes in dairy and beef cattle. High‐density genotypes consisting of 777 962 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were available on 3122 animals comprised of 269, 196, 710, 234, 719, 730 and 264 Angus, Belgian Blue, Charolais, Hereford, Holstein‐Friesian, Limousin and Simmental bulls, respectively. Three different genotype densities were generated: low density (LD; 6501 autosomal SNPs), medium density (50K; 47 770 autosomal SNPs) and high density (HD; 735 151 autosomal SNPs). Imputation from lower‐ to higher‐density genotype platforms was undertaken within and across breeds exploiting population‐wide linkage disequilibrium. The mean allele concordance rate per breed from LD to HD when undertaken using a single breed or multiple breed reference population varied from 0.956 to 0.974 and from 0.947 to 0.967, respectively. The mean allele concordance rate per breed from 50K to HD when undertaken using a single breed or multiple breed reference population varied from 0.987 to 0.994 and from 0.987 to 0.993, respectively. The accuracy of imputation was generally greater when the reference population was solely comprised of the breed to be imputed compared to when the reference population comprised of multiple breeds, although the impact was less when imputing from 50K to HD compared to imputing from LD.     

草坪草引种观察与筛选

为满足绿化和水土保持对优良草坪草的需求，引进了草坪草种进行田间种植，并对其生物性状和抗逆性能进行观察，以从中筛选出优良的草坪草种。经过２年的观察，初步筛选出优良草坪草种－台湾草坪草；既可饲用、又可固土的优良草种－百喜草；饲用、草坪兼用的优良草种－早熟禾；饲用、草坪、固土多用型的优良草种－苇状羊茅。这几种草坪草种均具有绿化和水土保持作用。     

西南地区农田主要种植草种及种植模式探讨

利用南方农区丰富的农田资源,大力发展草地畜牧业,引草入田,是发挥草业优势,突破农村发展瓶颈,增加农民收入的一项重要措施。探讨了西南地区农田的主要种植草种以及适宜西南地区的种植利用模式。     

Prediction of response to marker-assisted and genomic selection using selection index theory

Selection index methods can be used for deterministic assessment of the potential benefit of including marker information in genetic improvement programmes using marker-assisted selection (MAS). By specifying estimates of breeding values derived from marker information (M-EBV) as a correlated trait with heritability equal to 1, it was demonstrated that marker information can be incorporated in standard software for selection index predictions of response and rates of inbreeding, which requires specifying phenotypic traits and their genetic parameters. Path coefficient methods were used to derive genetic and phenotypic correlations between M-EBV and the phenotypic data. Methods were extended to multi-trait selection and to the case when M-EBV are based on high-density marker genotype data, as in genomic selection. Methods were applied to several example scenarios, which confirmed previous results that MAS substantially increases response to selection but also demonstrated that MAS can result in substantial reductions in the rates of inbreeding. Although further validation by stochastic simulation is required, the developed methodology provides an easy means of deterministically evaluating the potential benefits of MAS and to optimize selection strategies with availability of marker data.