晋城市道路绿化现状分析与植物配置模式探究

以山西省晋城市主要道路绿带为研究对象,调查不同等级道路(快速路,主干道,次干道)绿化断面形式、分车带和行道树带绿化植物种类与生长状况,分析道路绿化植物配置模式并评估其合理性。结果表明,晋城市道路绿化断面形式以一板二带和三板四带的形式为主,植物应用共计26科35属45种,占晋城市园林绿化树种的31.3%,尚有较大的选择空间,乔木与灌木种植比例不均衡,配置模式简单。藉此,提出合理规划道路,适当增加绿化带宽度,丰富植物种类,增加乡土树种的选择与运用,注重乔灌草的合理配置等建议。     

基于机器学习的高光谱湿地植被分类研究

为实现湿地植被的精细分类和高精度制图,为湿地管理部门提供准确的决策依据,以美国加州萨克拉门托—圣华金水域的典型湿地植被为研究对象,以高光谱影像为数据源,结合野外GPS采样点,对典型湿地植被的光谱反射率作一阶导数和二阶导数处理,基于均值置信区间原理筛选特征波段,基于单因素分析法筛选能够明显区分植被类型的植被指数。联合特征波段和植被指数构建特征集,利用机器学习C5.0决策树生成知识规则并提取湿地植被信息。结果表明,基于机器学习C5.0决策树的湿地植被提取总体精度为80.09%,Kappa系数为0.792,与最大似然法比较,总体精度提升10.79%,Kappa系数提升0.105,说明基于机器学习的C5.0决策树法能够实现植被的精细分类,方法切实可行。     

主要气候因素与云南松天然林生长率的关系研究

依据森林资源连续清查获得的云南松天然林样地调查数据及气象数据,研究了年均温、年均降水量与云南松天然林平均胸径生长率的关系。结果表明,不同年均温区域云南松天然林样木平均胸径生长率总体上呈现出温度越高生长率越大的趋势,但趋势在年均温为16℃时出现了拐点,当年均温>16℃时,随着年均温的升高,云南松天然林生长率反而开始降低。在不同降水量区域的云南松天然林平均胸径生长率总体上与年均降水量呈正相关,降水量越大,生长越快。但在降水量为900~1099mm区域,6~16径阶云南松天然林的生长率却超过了降水量≥1100mm区域。文中对上述现象进行了讨论,认为其原因涉及云南松的适生区、生态稳定性以及林木的生物学与生态学机制等。     

Comparison of four methods for estimating leaf area index based on terrestrial three-dimensional laser scanning

The leaf area index (LAI) of 16 sample plots was estimated based on terrestrial three-dimensional laser scanning. The point-cloud data of stand canopy were first scaled and projected onto a hemisphere according to Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection or stereographic projection, and the resulting hemispherical point-cloud images were used to extract the canopy porosity coefficients. Then, single-angle inversion and Miller formula inversion methods were used, respectively, to calculate the effective leaf area indices with canopy porosity coefficients. Results showed that the effective LAIs estimated by single-angle inversion method with Lambert projection and stereographic projection were within the range of 2.14~5.36 and 1.83~4.67, respectively. The effective LAIs obtained by Miller formula inversion method with Lambert projection and stereographic projection were within the range of 1.84~4.67 and 1.68~4.34, respectively. As a comparison, the LAI measured with a fish-eye camera ranged from 1.55 to 3.87. The LAI values estimated with four different calculation methods were linearly correlated with those measured by a fish-eye camera. The highest coefficient of determination (R²) 90.28% was obtained by the Miller formula inversion method combined with stereographic projection, and Duncan’s new multiple range test also further showed that this method had a relatively higher precision compared to other three methods.     

Partial cutting in mixedwood stands: Effects of treatment configuration and intensity on stand structure,regeneration, and tree mortality

In temperate and boreal mixedwood forests of eastern North America, partial disturbances such as insect outbreaks and gap dynamics result in the development of irregular forest structures. From a forest ecosystem management perspective, management of these forests should therefore include silvicultural regimes that incorporate medium- to high-retention harvesting. We present 12-year results of a field experiment undertaken to evaluate the effects of variable retention harvesting on stand structure, recruitment, and mortality. Treatments were gap harvesting (GAP), diameter-limit harvesting (DL), careful logging (CL), and careful logging followed by scarification (CL + SCAR), and an unharvested control. Although post-harvest basal area in the GAP treatment was significantly lower than that of controls, it maintained a diameter distribution profile and densities of balsam fir regeneration similar to those of pre-harvest conditions. Lower retention treatments (DL, CL, and CL + SCAR) tended to favor regeneration of pioneer, shade-intolerant species. Except for black spruce (for which mortality was highest in DL), stem mortality was similar among harvesting treatments. From an ecosystem management perspective, this study suggests that gap harvesting can maintain, in the short term, forest stand composition and structure similar to unharvested forests, and could be used where management objectives include the maintenance of late successional forest conditions.     

Susceptibility of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii seedlings to five Phytophthora species common in South African plantations

Eucalyptus grandis and its hybrids, as well as Acacia mearnsii, are important non‐native trees commonly propagated for forestry purposes in South Africa. In this study, we conducted pathogenicity trials to assess the relative importance of five commonly isolated Phytophthora spp. (Phytophthora alticola, P. cinnamomi, P. frigida, P. multivora and P. nicotianae) from the plantation environment on E. grandis and A. mearnsii seedlings. Overall E. grandis was more susceptible to the tested Phytophthora spp. than A. mearnsii. Phytophthora cinnamomi was the only pathogen that had a significant negative effect on both the host tree species, leading to a reduction in root and shoot weight as well as to death in the case of E. grandis. Phytophthora alticola and P. nicotianae exclusively affected E. grandis and A. mearnsii, respectively. This study updated the current knowledge on the pathogenicity of Phytophthora spp. on two important non‐native commercially propagated tree species from South Africa.     

高强度抚育下油松人工林内树木生长态势分析

在辽西干旱地区选择30年生的油松人工林作为研究对象,进行高强度的林下抚育,10年后再进行林下高强度抚育1次,后经过12年的天然更新后调查林间的层次结构以及树木的树高结构、胸径结构分布。结果表明,高强度的抚育可以促使油松林更好地更新,使林间层次明显,形成主林层、演替层、更新层,其中演替层的油松树木在数量、结构上均符合生产实际的需求;整个林分的树高、胸径结构均出现多个高峰,林分结构更加稳定。     

珍贵树种林下套种广东紫珠的密度效应研究

为了评价珍贵树种人工林下不同套种密度对广东紫珠 Callicarpa kwangtungensis 生长的影响, 于 7 a 生降香黄檀 Dalbergia odorifera- 檀香 Santalum album 混交林下设置 3 个密度处理种植广东紫珠,即 在行间套种 1 行、2 行、3 行,株距为 0.8 m,分别于定植后 6、12 和 18 个月调查其地径、树高和生物 量。结果表明：3 个套种密度处理间广东紫珠地径差异不显著 (P ≥ 0.05),而高生长在各时间段均差异显 著 (P ＜ 0.05),单株生物量差异极显著 (P ＜ 0.01),表现出随密度增加而升高的趋势。本研究筛选出降香 黄檀 - 檀香混交林下套种广东紫珠的适宜密度为行间栽种 3 行 (12 500 株 · hm-2),6 个月收获 1 次,每年 可采收广东紫珠 1 479.08 kg · hm-2( 鲜重 ),收入可达 5 916.33 元 · hm-2,可显著增加林农短期收益,为珍 贵树种规模发展提供了一种实用可行的经营模式。     

广东主要乡土阔叶树种单木生物量生长模型

【目的】选择广东主要乡土阔叶树种樟树Cinnamomum camphora、木荷Schima superba和枫香Liquidambarformosana为研究对象,建立3个树种的单木生物量生长模型,快速精确计量和监测森林碳汇造林项目的碳储量变化。【方法】每个树种按10个径阶均匀分配伐倒90株样木(共270株),以样木的生物量数据为单木生物量,以立木年龄为自变量,分别建立不同起源(天然林和人工林) 3个树种的地上和地下4种方程生物量生长模型,并选择最优模型通过联立方程组总量控制法解决地上各组分(干材、树皮、树枝、树叶)的生长模型相容性问题。【结果】天然林和人工林起源条件下,相同树种在同一生物量生长模型形式下生物量增长的上限值和最大增速年龄均有差异。各方程在相同起源和树种条件下所得的生物量上限和拐点年龄差异明显。估计地上生物量时,各树种最优方程形式不同。选择Logistic方程对3个树种地上各组分生物量联立方程组建立相容性生长模型,3个树种干材生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.560～0.768,平均预估误差(MPE)为3.05%～6.73%;树皮生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.552～0.866,MPE为2.02%～6.27%;树枝生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.309～0.706,MPE为3.01%～14.33%;树叶生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.495～0.767,MPE为4.16%～7.14%。【结论】比较4种模型的参数及评价指标可知,地上生物量生长最优模型为Logistic方程,地下生物量生长最优模型为Schumacher方程。地上各组分生物量在立木生长的周期中占地上总生物量的比例随着年龄的增长而不断变化。选择Logistic方程对3个树种地上各组分生物量联立方程组建立相容性生长模型,干材和树皮的生物量方程拟合效果相对于树枝和树叶更好。该模型主要适用于在已知年龄的人工碳汇造林的生物量估计;结合含碳系数,可预估未来一定时期内的碳储量及碳汇量。     

红花七叶树应用价值及繁育技术

红花七叶树树干端直,生长较快,耐旱、耐寒,花形硕大、花色鲜艳美丽,是目前关中地区优良的行道观赏及水土保持类树种。文中介绍了红花七叶树的形态特征、生长习性以及播种繁育技术,以期为林业生产提供参考。