热处理木材性质变化规律及变化机理研究

以蒸汽为加热介质,介绍了国外常用的几种木材热处理工艺及产品性能变化,重点阐述热处理木材各项性能变化规律,并深入分析了其性质变化的内在机理.热处理可以提高木材使用性能,拓宽木材使用领域,木材热处理是木材工业未来的发展方向.     

层次模糊综合评价法在校园环境质量评价中的应用

将模糊数学方法与层次分析相结合,建立基于层次分析的多级模糊综合评价法,并将该方法应用于校园环境质量综合评价,结果表明:该方法较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性,较好地解决了权值分配问题,使评价结论更合理、可靠,是一种有价值的环境质量综合评价方法。     

静电处理林木种子适宜参数选择的初探

本文采用技术经济学中加乘混合综合评价方法,对刺槐、紫穗槐种子的15种静电处理进行了综合评价,并应用数理统计学中方差分析和t-检验方法,对两树种的适宜处理参数进行了筛选,结果表明,静电处理刺槐的适宜处理参数为:-100×5,-100×10,-100×20,-100×40。-150×5,-150×10,-150×20,-150×40,-200×5(kV/m×min);静电处理紫穗槐的适宜处理参数为:-100×5,-100×10(kV/m·min)。在静电处理参数两个组分中,场强起主导作用,时间次之。因此,在实际应用中时间选用可以短些。     

农业机械化的进程与发展措施

文章通过论述我国农机工业的发展进程,及今后农机工业的发展措施,全面阐述我国全面建设小康社会,关键在农村,重点在农民,难点在农业,而农业的根本出路在于机械化,农业机械化是现代农业的重要组成部分,也是农业现代化的重要标志。     

采前钙处理对采后草莓贮藏品质的影响

对"红颜"品种草莓进行采前钙处理,研究其对草莓果实贮藏性能和品质的影响。在果实同时有幼果期、膨大期和转色期的阶段,用0.2%、0.5%和0.8%的CaCl2溶液喷施1次。采摘成熟果实进行贮藏测试。结果表明,0.5%和0.8%CaCl2溶液能够显著提高果实硬度,提高草莓贮藏性能和好果率,对可溶性固形物和总酸没有显著影响,但0.8%CaCl2溶液对叶片有一定的灼伤。     

木材压缩处理技术研究的现状

概述压缩木的发展历程及国内外的研究现状,重点介绍压缩木的软化方法、压缩回弹预防方法以及压缩处理后材性变化的研究情况,分析压缩木技术的应用前景并提出建议。     

基于ANP-GIS的长春市城市建设用地生态适宜性评价

基于城市建设用地的生态适宜性对建设用地资源进行合理有效开发利用是缓解城市化进程与土地资源有限性矛盾的根本途径。因此,在前人研究的基础上,提出了结合网络分析法（Analytic Network Process,ANP）与GIS的城市建设用地生态适宜性耦合评价模型,并结合长春市的自然、社会和经济特点对长春市城市建设用地生态适宜性进行案例研究,最终获得了可视化的长春市城市建设用地生态适宜性空间分布图（5个适宜度）。结果表明:对于长春市建设用地的选取最适宜的土地面积约为1 289.3 km²,适宜区域6 662.7 km²,较适宜区域9 461.4 km²,一般适宜区域2 848.2 km²,不适宜区域303.4 km²,而且长春市建设用地生态适宜性较高的地区（最适宜区域和适宜区域）分布在长春区域的腹地,处于长春市市区以及九台区、德惠市、农安县的交汇的区域,该地区自然、社会和经济各项指标的生态适宜性度均相对较高,表明长春市未来的城市发展以及城市建设的重点可以向生态适宜度较高的中部地区偏移。研究结果说明了ANP-GIS耦合模型的可靠性,同时也为长春市的建筑用地的选取和长春市的城市规划提供决策依据。     

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii Franch. var.amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima, on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii var.amamiana, was monitored on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island from 1994 to 1998. There are 163 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana over 1.3 m in height. They are distributed on steep ridges and rocks with a thin soil layer mostly consisting of friable granite. During the monitoring period, 21 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana died and the mortality rate was 12.9%. Dead trees were categorized into three types: standing, uprooted and landslide. The uprooted- and landslide-typed dead trees were found only after a severe typhoon struck Yaku-shima Island. This suggests that the combination of fragile site conditions and severe typhoons play an important role in the process of decline ofP. armandii var.amamiana. The standing-typed dead trees were presumed to have been killed by pine wilt disease, accounting for 71.4% of the dead trees. However,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease, was not detected from any of the wood chips or branch samples from the standing-typed dead trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana. This might indicate that some factor(s) other than pine wilt disease could be responsible for the standing-typed death ofP. armandii var.amamiana in natural habitats. A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society.     

Effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in different temperatures

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a pathogenic disease in salmonids caused by Neoparamoeba perurans. Treatment of AGD infection has been through freshwater bathing of the fish. However, as the availability of fresh water is often limited, hydrogen peroxide has been introduced as an alternative treatment. This study investigated the effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for AGD‐infected salmon (Salmo salar L.,) at different seawater temperatures and hydrogen peroxide dosages. In total, 600 fish were challenged with N. perurans and the severity of the AGD infection was measured using a gill score scale. After challenge and disease development, the fish were distributed into 12 tanks. The treatment was performed at different seawater temperatures (8°C, 12°C, 17°C) using different hydrogen peroxide doses. Each temperature included an untreated control group. Linear models were used to analyse gill score. A significant effect of treatment was found (?0.68 ± 0.05) regardless of dose and temperature, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide was effective in treating AGD. When the model included dose, a negative linear relationship between dose and gill score was found. The study proved that treatment of AGD with hydrogen peroxide was successful, as gills partially recovered following treatment and further disease development was delayed.     

高寒荒漠草原季节性放牧管理优化模拟研究

【目的】保护中国高寒荒漠草原的生态环境,指导草原牧区的全面可持续发展,从草畜平衡的角度为制定高寒荒漠草原牧区合理的放牧管理政策及实现牧草资源高效利用提供依据。【方法】根据季节性轮牧的特点和牲畜生产节律,考虑了草地资源的时空隔离和牲畜数量的动态变化,对暖季、冷季两个草场放牧时间段进行细化,在现有合理载畜量计算方法的基础上,以载畜量最大为目标,以动态草畜平衡为约束条件,以转场时间和出栏率为优化参数,建立了放牧-管理优化模型,并选取青海省乌兰县牧区作为高寒荒漠草原季节性牧区的典型代表,利用遗传算法寻优,确定乌兰县牧区丰、平、枯3种降水情景下最优放牧条件,进行草畜平衡优化模拟计算和动态草畜平衡分析,并与优化前进行对比。【结果】放牧-管理优化模型对牧区不同降水情景的模拟结果均较好。以未利用饲草量最低为依据,确定乌兰县牧区丰、平、枯3种降水情景下最优放牧条件分别为11月1日转场,出栏率43.4%、11月3日转场,出栏率38.2%和11月3日转场,出栏率36.7%,最优合理载畜量分别为109.92、96.14和83.64万标准羊单位,较优化前合理载畜量分别提高了11.75%、10.44%和10.43%;优化前后乌兰县牧区丰水年的合理载畜量分别为98.38和109.92万标准羊单位,比枯水年的75.74和83.64万标准羊单位的适宜承载量高30%,可见除牲畜出栏率和转场时间外,降水量也是影响牧区合理载畜量的重要因素;通过对牧区产草过程与牲畜动态需草过程的分析,进行乌兰县牧区平水年动态草畜平衡计算后发现,优化前冷季牧场可利用饲草不能被完全利用,放牧过程存在不合理之处,剩余草量超过6 130万kg,而优化后可利用饲草未充分利用问题得到有效解决,牧草资源得到高效利用,对于乌兰县整个牧区而言,调整放牧转场时间和牲畜出栏率是改良放牧制度的可靠方式;利用放牧-管理优化模型对牧区放牧过程进行优化,可以在保证牧区全年合理载畜量较高的同时,能够实现季节性轮牧区动态草畜平衡。【结论】放牧-管理优化模型对高寒荒漠草原季节性牧区的适用性较好,对轮牧区放牧管理过程调控和草畜平衡优化具有一定的优越性;放牧-管理优化模型可有效调控牧区载畜量,其优化结果可为制定合理的放牧制度提供参考,因此可将该模型用于优化单个牧户或牧场的放牧过程,得到单个牧户或牧场的最优放牧条件,从而制定相应的放牧制度,对单个牧户或牧场的生产实践工作更具有实际指导意义和可操作性。