N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated,nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant

Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O₂ demand (BOD₅) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N₂O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N₂O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N₂O m^-2, h^-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1). During the N₂O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N₂O–N ha^-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N₂O–N m^-2, respectively, during the sampling periods.The N₂O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH ₄ ⁺ . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N₂O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha^-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N₂O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N₂O released. Increasing N₂O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (C_H2_O or BOD₅-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N₂O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N₂O which may be reduced to N₂ on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

钢渣硅肥硅素释放规律及其影响因素研究

【目的】钢渣是缓释硅钙肥原料,钢渣中硅素释放受钢渣自身性能和外界环境条件等因素影响,本文设置了钢渣冷却方式、钢渣粒径、培养介质和培养温度四种因子,研究钢渣中硅素释放规律及其影响因素,为钢渣硅钙肥合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】选用粉末状水淬渣(S1)、粒状水淬渣(S2)和空气冷却粒状钢渣(S3)为研究对象,分别设置在土壤水溶液以及纯蒸馏水中培养97天,并设置35℃和25℃两个培养温度。定期离心取上清液,取样后补充水分继续培养,直至培养结束。【结果】钢渣在土壤溶液中培养,第一天的硅素释放主要由钢渣冷却方式决定,而在以后的培养过程中主要受温度的影响,其次为钢渣粒径;硅素累积释放量与时间的关系可以用幂函数方程y=kxm来拟合;35℃培养97天后,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率(累积硅释放量与有效硅的比例)分别为37.3%、30.3%与27.3%;在25℃培养下,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率分别为14.3%、7.9%与10.2%。钢渣在纯蒸馏水的培养中,第一天钢渣硅释放主要受温度的影响,而在以后的培养过程中主要受钢渣粒径的影响,温度和钢渣冷却方式对其影响甚微;硅素累积释放量与时间的关系可以用线性方程y=ax+b来拟合;在35℃,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率分别为0.22%、0.16%与0.16%。在25℃培养下,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率分别为0.17%、0.13%与0.14%。钢渣在土壤溶液培养,25℃培养67天,加入钢渣提高了土壤浸提液的p H值,但之后与CK基本相同;在35℃培养下,加入钢渣的土壤浸提液p H值总体都要显著高于CK处理。纯水培养介质中,两种温度培养下,在同一阶段S1浸提液的p H和EC值都要显著高于S2和S3,温度对p H和EC的影响不显著。【结论】钢渣硅素释放规律主要受培养介质和温度的影响,粒径有一定的影响。在土壤溶液中钢渣硅素释放显著高于在蒸馏水中,35℃比25℃更有利于硅素的释放,粉末状比粒状更有利于硅素的释放。由此认为,钢渣作为硅钙肥在大田施用时,将钢渣磨细做成粉末状产品,施用时随翻耕埋入土壤,初春采用保温措施等都有利于提高钢渣中硅的利用效率。     

基于SUSAN角点的秧苗列中心线提取方法

中国南方水田环境复杂,不同生长阶段秧苗的形态各异,且田中常出现浮萍及蓝藻,其颜色与秧苗颜色极其相似,因此常用的作物特征提取算法难以应用在水田上。针对这些问题,该文提出一种基于SUSAN角点的秧苗列中心线方法。运用归一化的Ex G(excess green index)提取秧苗的灰度化特征,运用自适应的SUSAN(smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus)算子提取秧苗特征角点;最后运用扫描窗口近邻法进行聚类,采用基于已知点的Hough变换(known point Hough transform)提取秧苗列中心线。经试验验证,此算法在图像中存在浮萍、蓝藻和秧苗倒影的情况下有较高的鲁棒性。在各种情况下均成功提取秧苗的列中心线,且每幅真彩色图像(分辨率:1280×960)处理时间不超过563 ms,满足视觉导航的实时性要求。     

蒸煮爆破处理过程中毛竹材加工剩余物主要化学成分的变化研究

采用硫酸水解法(aldito-acetate procedure)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了蒸爆过程中毛竹材加工剩余物纤维聚集态结构及主要化学成分的变化.研究结果表明,(1)毛竹材加工剩余物经蒸爆处理,60%左右的半纤维素水解,木质素低分子化且裸露到纤维表面,易被80%乙醇及木质素溶剂提取,从而实现毛竹材加工剩余物主要组分的有效分离.(2)毛竹材加工剩余物经蒸爆处理,80%乙醇抽提物得率提高,综纤维素得率减少,木质素含量减少:葡萄糖相对含量增加,半纤维素降解明显.(3)210℃处理10 min和220℃处理10 min的蒸爆浆的化学组成变化几乎没有区别,但两者与200℃处理10 min差别较大,210℃处理10 min是毛竹材加工剩余物适宜的处理温度.(4)FTIR结果显示蒸爆处理后在1040～1060 cm-1区的吸收峰分裂为明显的2个峰表明半纤维素降解,1166 cm-1处的吸收强度明显减弱,表明C-O-C键有不同程度的断裂.X-身寸线衍射分析结果显示毛竹材加工剩余物蒸爆处理后纤维素相对结晶度增加.     

热处理木材性质变化规律及变化机理研究

以蒸汽为加热介质,介绍了国外常用的几种木材热处理工艺及产品性能变化,重点阐述热处理木材各项性能变化规律,并深入分析了其性质变化的内在机理.热处理可以提高木材使用性能,拓宽木材使用领域,木材热处理是木材工业未来的发展方向.     

CTE500数控电火花成型机的使用与维护

介绍了CTE500数控电火花成型机的结构、技术参数以及机床主机安装和加工工艺参数的选择,对该机床常见故障原因进行分析并提出了解决方法,阐述了机床的操作要求和养护措施.     

木质陶瓷复合材料的制备与性能分析

综述了几种典型基材木陶瓷材料的不同制备方法与性能,对不同基材材料制备木陶瓷的方法做了论述,介绍了不同材料制备的木陶瓷电学性能、力学性能和摩擦性能。为材料的制造方法与结构功能设计提供了新思路,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Effect of climate change and nitrogen deposition on central-European forests: Regional-scale simulation for South Bohemia

The simulation of forest production until 2100 under different environmental scenarios and current management practices was performed using a process-based model BIOME-BGC previously parameterized for the main Central-European tree species: spruce, pine, beech and oak and adapted to include forest management practices. Climatic scenario HadCM3 used in the simulations was taken from the IPCC database created within the 3rd Assessment Report. It was combined with a scenario of CO₂ concentration development and a scenario of N deposition. The control scenario considered no changes of climatic characteristics, CO₂ concentration and N deposition. Simulation experiment was performed for the test region - South Bohemia - using a 1 km × 1 km grid. The actual data on the regional forest cover were aggregated for each grid cell in such a way that each cell represented an even-aged single-dominant species stand or non-forested area, and a standard management scenario depending on the stand age and species was applied to each cell. The effect of environmental variables was estimated as the difference of simulated carbon pools and fluxes in 2050 under environmental changes and under control scenario.The model simulation for the period to 2050 with only climate change under constant CO₂ concentration and N deposition indicated a small decrease of NPP (median values by species reached −0.9 to −1.7% for different species), NBP (−0.3 to −1.7%) and vegetation carbon (−0.3 to −0.7%), whereas soil C slightly increased. Separate increase of N deposition gave small positive effect on carbon pools (0.8-2.9% for wood C and about 0.5% for soil C) and more expressed effect on carbon fluxes (1.8-4.3% for NPP and 1.0-9.7% for NBP). Separate increase of CO₂ concentration lead to 0.6-2.4% increase of wood C pool and 0.1-0.5% increase of soil C. The positive effects of CO₂ concentration and N deposition were more pronounced for coniferous than for deciduous stands.Replacement of 0.5% of coniferous plantations every year by natural broadleaved stands evoked 10.5% of increase of wood carbon pool due to higher wood density of beech and oak compared to spruce and pine, but slightly decreased soil and litter carbon pools.     

酶处理对杨木表面性能和胞壁弹性模量的影响

探究杨木经木聚糖酶处理前后,其表面接触角、自由能和细胞壁弹性模量的变化规律。研究表明,酶处理杨木的表面润湿性能、自由能和细胞壁弹性模量均显著提高,但是随着处理时间的持续增加及酶用量的增多,改善效果趋于平缓。综合考虑,以处理时间6h,酶用量1mL/g为宜。