Effects of early cleaning on young Picea abies stands

Young Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst) are typically cleaned of non-crop species on one or several occasions during young stand stage. In order to objectively evaluate the perceived benefits of early cleaning (EC), we studied the effects of EC on three study sites 2–2.5 years after receiving the treatment. Experiments were established as a randomised complete block design with a total of 40 blocks. Although height growth and mortality were not significantly affected, we found that EC substantially reduced canopy competition and, consequently, the mean diameter of released spruce grew 21–32% faster depending on the site. Furthermore, non-crop trees that were cleared during EC had fewer sprouts in two of the three sites and the sprouts were substantially smaller than the corresponding non-crop trees on control in all sites. EC can reduce the cost of pre-commercial thinning because EC reduced the estimated time needed for subsequent management by 18–49%. Thus, EC offers forest owners and managers an economically viable young stand management option.     

Effect of steam explosion on enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran

In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) treatment on microstructure, enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran was investigated. Coarse and fine bran were treated at different steam temperatures (120–160 °C) and residence times (5 or 10 min) and then hydrolysed with carbohydrase enzymes. The SE treatment increased water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content from 0.75 to 2.06% and reducing sugars from 0.92 to 2.41% for fine bran. The effect was more pronounced with increased SE temperature and residence time. The highest carbohydrate solubilisation was observed in fine bran at SE treatment of 160 °C, 5 min. WEAX content increased to 3.13% when this bran was incubated without enzyme, while WEAX content increased to 9.14% with enzyme addition. Microscopic analysis indicated that cell wall structure of wheat bran was disrupted by severe SE conditions. Supplementation of SE treated (150 °C, 10 min) bran at 20% replacement level decreased the baking quality of bread. However SE followed by enzymatic hydrolysis increased specific volume and decreased crumb hardness (on the day of baking and after three days of storage). Phytic acid content of bread supplemented with SE treated bran was lower than the one supplemented with untreated bran.     

西藏青稞品种喜马拉雅8号低温处理的SSH-cDNA文库构建及分析

为进一步研究青稞低温抗性相关基因,以喜马拉雅8号为材料,通过抑制差减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)的方法,构建青稞低温环境下的cDNA文库,并通过nr及KEGG数据库对筛选得到的高质量EST序列进行功能注释。结果发现,对随机挑选的281个阳性克隆进行测序,获得209条高质量ESTs序列,其中有117条序列能够在GenBank库中比对到同源性较高的基因或蛋白。对上述117条序列进行GO功能注释及KEGG代谢路径分析,发现其涉及到植物的基础物质、能量代谢、光合作用、信号转导等方面,说明这些基因可能参与了青稞对低温的抗性反应。     

磁化处理的全尾砂料浆沉降参数优化模型

为了提高全尾砂料浆的脱水浓缩效果,将磁化处理技术引入到全尾砂料浆脱水浓缩中,并建立GA-SVM模型优选全尾砂料浆的沉降参数。建立支持向量机（SVM）沉降参数优化模型,以磁感应强度、磁化处理时间、料浆流速、料浆浓度、絮凝剂单耗为输入因子,沉降速度为综合输出因子,通过正交试验建立样本数据对SVM模型进行训练与检验,采用遗传算法（GA）对SVM模型参数进行优化,进而得到磁化全尾砂料浆沉降参数的GA-SVM优化模型。将GA-SVM模型运用到某铁矿磁化全尾砂料浆沉降参数优化中,得到的最佳沉降参数为磁感应强度0.192 T、磁化处理时间1.85 min、料浆速度1.92 m/s、PAC单耗28 g/t,沉降速度可达约155 cm/h。研究表明：适宜的磁化处理条件可提高全尾砂料浆的脱水浓缩效果,节约30.0%~42.5% PAC用量,GA-SVM模型对全尾砂料浆沉降参数预测结果相对误差在5%以内、预测精度高,为全尾砂料浆脱水浓缩及其参数优选提供了一种新思路。     

油浴热处理对竹材干缩性和力学性能的影响

为了探明竹材独特结构和油浴热处理对竹材干缩性和力学性能的协同影响,本研究以机油为导热介质对毛竹进行油浴热处理,分析了不同热处理温度（150、180、210℃）和不同处理时间（1、3、5 h）条件下竹材干缩性及力学性能的变化情况。结果表明：经过热处理后,竹材含水率和横向干缩率均有下降,表明高温热处理克服了竹材亲水性强和干缩性差的缺点。但是经过热处理后,竹材的力学性能总体呈下降趋势。在同样的热处理条件下,带青带黄竹材的物理力学性能均高于去青去黄竹材,说明保留竹材的竹青竹黄对热处理十分有利,且同时能提高竹材的利用率。     

养殖废水处理设施自动化智能化运营与管控

为实现养殖废水处理设施自动化智能化运营与管控,本文以日产废水250 m³的某规模化养殖场废水处理设施为例,通过配置视频监控系统和在线监控设备,并设置预警预报功能,来展示自动化智能化运营与管控效果。实时监控结果表明,污泥浓度、DO、pH值等关键运行参数均控制在合理范围,分别为4 000~7 000 mg·L^-1、1.5 mg·L^-1（一级好氧池）和3~5 mg·L^-1（二级好氧池）、6.5~8.5;两级AO出水水质COD、氨氮均达标,分别为70 mg·L^-1以下和10 mg·L^-1以下,保障了设施运行效果,出水水质稳定达标,规避了环境风险。通过视频监控、在线监测、预警预报等功能,可有效监控废水处理设施每个处理环节运行状态,做到及时发现问题和解决问题,从而提高设施的管控效果和效率,并降低运营人员的投入,有效降低运营费用。实际运营结果表明,废水处理设施实施自动化智能化运营与管控,既能有效提高管控效果和效率,最大程度规避环境风险,又能降低运营成本,从而实现降本增效。     

不同施肥处理对稻米硬度影响研究

[目的]为了研究不同施肥处理对稻米硬度的影响。[方法]以21个粒形有差异的水稻品种为材料,设施NP与NPK两种处理,对稻米硬度进行测定,分析两种施肥处理条件下不同粒形的稻米硬度差异及粒形与硬度间的关系。[结果]施NPK肥的稻米硬度平均为79.6 N,只施NP肥的稻米硬度平均为75.8 N;NPK处理中的窄粒型、中等粒型、宽粒型比NP处理中的稻米硬度分别大3.2、3.34、.4 N。在两处理中,穗上部籽粒比穗下部籽粒硬度大,平均差异分别为3.96和3.65 N。[结论]施NPK肥的处理比只施NP肥的处理稻米硬度大;籽粒越宽,硬度越大,且施K肥能明显提高宽粒形品种的硬度;穗上部籽粒比下部籽粒的硬度大。     

啤酒酵母泥中酵母多糖提取方法研究

【目的】比较不同方法对啤酒酵母泥中多糖的提取效果,旨在为啤酒酵母泥的高效利用提供依据。【方法】采用传统热水浸提法、超声波处理技术、微波辅助提取法、冻融法和酶法从啤酒酵母泥中提取多糖,比较提取效果,并研究了其中提取效果较好的2种方法对酵母多糖提取的协同作用。【结果】传统热水浸提法的酵母多糖提取率为12.8mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率为38%;采用超声波处理技术提取时,时间应控制在30min内,酵母多糖提取率最高达17.6mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率为54%;采用微波辅助提取法提取时,时间应不超过3.5min,酵母多糖提取率最高达16.6mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率达48%;采用冻融法处理啤酒酵母泥,反复冻融5次时,酵母多糖提取率最高可达13.7mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率达42%;采用酶法处理时,当木瓜蛋白酶用量为200IU/g、温度为50℃、时间为15h时,酵母多糖提取率为18.0mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率为58%;采用超声波处理技术与酶法相结合处理啤酒酵母泥时,酵母多糖提取率可达24.5mg/g,酵母细胞破壁率达75%。【结论】采用超声波处理技术与酶法提取酵母泥中的多糖时,二者具有协同作用,且提取效果较好。     

吉林省洮南市白鸡心葡萄栽植管理技术

无核葡萄品种白鸡心在不经药物处理情况下,单粒质量可达8g,赤霉素处理可达10g以上。详细介绍栽植管理技术。