Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.     

Importance of heterotrophic nitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in a cropland soil: Evidences from a 15N tracing study to literature synthesis

Future climate change is predicted to influence soil moisture regime, a key factor regulating soil nitrogen (N) cycling. To elucidate how soil moisture affects gross N transformation in a cultivated black soil, a ¹⁵N tracing study was conducted at 30%, 50% and 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS). While gross mineralization rate of recalcitrant organic N (N_rec) increased from 0.56 to 2.47 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, the rate of labile organic N mineralization declined from 4.23 to 2.41 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ with a WFPS increase from 30% to 70%. Similar to total mineralization, no distinct moisture effect was found on total immobilization of ammonium, which primarily entered the N_rec pool. Nitrate (NO₃⁻) was mainly produced via autotrophic nitrification, which was significantly stimulated by increasing WFPS. Unexpectedly, heterotrophic nitrification was observed, with the highest rate of 1.06 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ at 30% WFPS, contributing 31.8% to total NO₃⁻ production, and decreased with WFPS. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) increased from near zero (30% WFPS) to 0.26 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ (70% WFPS), amounting to 16.7–92.9% of NO₃⁻ consumption. A literature synthetic analysis from global multiple ecosystems showed that the rates of heterotrophic nitrification and DNRA in test soil were comparative to the forest and grassland ecosystems, and that heterotrophic nitrification was positively correlated with precipitation, soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N, but negatively with pH and bulk density, while DNRA showed positive relationships with precipitation, clay, SOC, C/NO₃⁻ and WFPS. We suggested that low pH and bulk density and high SOC and C/N in test soil might favor heterotrophic nitrification, and that C and NO₃⁻ availability together with anaerobic condition were crucial for DNRA. Overall, our study highlights the role of moisture in regulating gross N turnover and the importance of heterotrophic nitrification for NO₃⁻ production under low moisture and DNRA for NO₃⁻ retention under high moisture in cropland.     

Manure increase the leaching risk of soil extractable organic nitrogen in intensively irrigated greenhouse vegetable cropping systems

Soil extractable organic nitrogen plays an important role in nitrogen transformation and migration in many ecosystems. However, it is generally ignored due to its low content in agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the leaching risk of soil extractable organic nitrogen affected by manure application in an intensively irrigated greenhouse vegetable cropping system through investigating its spatial (vertical profile) and temporal dynamics. Results showed that extractable organic nitrogen was present in appreciable quantities, despite that nitrate was the main soluble nitrogen form in 0–60 cm soil profile. Both the extractable organic and inorganic nitrogen were enriched in the surface and subsurface soils, and showed a high temporal variability throughout the cucumber growing season. Manure application increased the stocks of extractable organic nitrogen significantly in the soil profile. Average extractable organic nitrogen reserves in 0–60 cm layer were 47, 71, and 131 kg ha^?1 for the treatments of 0, 20, and 30 t dry chicken-manure application ha^?1, respectively, during the cucumber growing season. As a result, while extractable organic nitrogen only accounted for a small part of total extractable nitrogen, its high contents and large temporal variation demonstrated its leaching risk in intensively irrigated vegetable cropping systems. Soil extractable organic nitrogen should be taken into account when an advanced environment management strategy is to be developed in greenhouse vegetable planting practice.     

小麦高效转基因受体品系CB037的抗条锈性分析

Genetic transformation is used for efficient gene cloning, gene editing and gene engineering, etc. Obtaining recipient lines amenable to transformation and with pure genetic background is critical for high efficiency transformations. For recent years, the wheat inbreed line CB037 had been widely used as a recipient for transgenes and obtain its high transformation potential. Despite having stable agronomic traits, the CB037 is genetically heterogeneous for resistance to wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst). In this study, the Pst-resistant line CB037-PstR and Pst-susceptible line CB037-PstS were isolated, and their F₂ population was created. Genetic analysis showed that the CB037-PstR carried a single dominant resistance gene. The identified resistance gene was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 1B using BSR-seq and molecular marker analysis. GISH results further revealed that CB037-PstR is a 1BL/1RS translocation line and likely carried Yr9. This study segregated genetic heterogeneity in CB037 for stripe rust resistance and isolated its Pst-susceptible and resistant lines. These results will facilitate trait-oriented use of CB037 in genetic engineering of wheat.     

Effects of land-use change on soil microbial C, N and P in a Himalayan watershed

Soil microbial C, N and P as affected by land-use change were studied in a Himalayan watershed at Sikkim, India. The major land-uses considered were forests (dense and open), agroforestry types (large cardamom and mandarin), open cropped and wasteland areas covering subtropical and temperate zones. Across the land-use, microbial C ranged from 219 to 864 μg g⁻¹, microbial N from 30 to 142 μg g⁻¹, and microbial P from 12 to 43 μg g⁻¹ soils. The microbial C, N and P were positively related to each other. The microbial C:N ratio in these soils ranged from 6 to 11 and the microbial C:P ratio from 18 to 27. The conversion of forests into other land-uses resulted in a remarkable decline in the amounts of soil nutrients and microbial C, N and P. The microbial nutrients in the Himalayan region are very sensitive to land-use/cover changes. Therefore, the conversion of forest to agricultural land should be reversed. Agroforestry systems should be included in agricultural land in mountainous regions.     

资源枯竭型城市林业发展问题初探--以邹城市为例

针对我国资源枯竭型城市发展中存在的问题,以邹城市为例,提出以城市林业发展带动矿业城市经济转型的思路,探讨了城市林业在矿业城市转型中的作用和具体措施。建议将城市林业纳入到资源枯竭型城市发展规划中,并充分调动公众参与的积极性,使城市林业发展与城市公众的利益密切结合,推动城市社会经济的可持续发展。     

Improved Culture System for Microspores of Barley to Become a Target for DNA Uptake

For the winter barley cultivar ‘Igri’, a microspore isolation and regeneration procedure is described which allows the production of such vigorous micro-spore fractions that this single-cell system can be used as a target for DNA uptake. Up to 60 % of the vigorous microspores isolated from the anther, and cultured in liquid modified MS medium, formed embryoids and/or calli. Such preparations were used for trials in DNA uptake with the plasmid pBI 221. Transformation trials were performed with polyethylene glycol as the inducing agent. With this treatment, a relative increase of fluorescence could be shown under UV light indicative of transient expression of the uidA gene.     

反义NR转基因株的分子检测和生理特性的研究

为了研究NR基因的作用,通过番茄反义NR转基因株的southem,northem杂交,从入地成活的139个卡那霉素筛选出的转化株中,鉴定出了2株突变体,并对其相关的生长发育、生理指标进行了测定。研究结果显示：NR基因的表达被抑制后,突变体细胞膜透性、蒸腾作用和气孔导度比野生型植株的高,但呼吸作用低于野生型;果实成熬推迟。各突变体植株的分枝数减少,节间明显伸长,茎增粗;特别是NR2突变体节间最长、且生长健壮、茎粗、叶大、开花多,但不易结实、花粉粒数量减少、花粉萌发率仅2％—3％。总之,乙烯受体蛋白NR基因被抑制后,突变体植株表现出促进生长,推迟发育和成熟,即乙烯的作用被抑制的现象。说明NR基因是乙烯生物合成和信号转导的正调节因子。     

稻瘟病菌诱导突变研究进展

 系统地介绍了稻瘟病菌物理诱变、化学诱变和遗传介导突变的原理、特点和研究进展,并评述了它们各自的优缺点。     

向日葵基因工程研究进展

向日葵作为世界四大主要油料作物之一,具有适应性强、耐贫瘠等优良特性。随着全球环境与气候变化对农业生态系统的影响及向日葵用途的日益扩大,耐旱耐盐、抗虫抗病、提高品质已成为向日葵育种的更高目标,但这些目标通过传统育种难以在短时间内实现,而以现代生物技术为手段的分子育种,为培育和改良向日葵新品种提供了一条便捷和实用的途径。对过去20多年来,向日葵的体外再生、遗传转化、转基因研究等方面的进展进行了全面总结和综述,分析了目前向日葵基因工程研究中存在的问题,就发展前景进行了展望。