不同水肥模式的水稻叶面积修正系数试验研究

叶面积修正系数直接决定着长宽修正系数法测量叶面积的精确程度.为探讨水肥模式对水稻叶面积修正系数的影响,基于水稻实测叶面积及叶片长、宽数据计算叶面积修正系数,并分析其变化规律.结果表明,各处理生育前期水稻叶面积修正系数接近或超过经验值0.75,中期较小,抽穗开花期略有上升并稳定至0.7左右.常规灌溉处理上层叶片叶面积修正系数较控制灌溉大,叶片更加细长.不同肥料处理中,控释肥处理叶面积修正系数普遍偏低;常规肥及实地肥处理在生育前期可以采用经验值进行叶面积计算;抽穗开花及以后各生育期,各处理均可采用相同的叶面积修正系数;生育中期各处理叶面积修正系数较低.     

玉米新品种高产稳产适应性综合评判

对于玉米新品种的高产稳产适应性评判,方法种种,但各有利弊.采用高稳系数(HSC)法、变异系数(CV)法、回归系数(b)法综合分析玉米新品种的高产稳产适应性.结果表明,新品种的高产稳产适应性得到客观真实的反映。     

农业转移人口市民化过程中的企业行为研究——基于博弈论的视角

以企业行为为研究对象,梳理了农业转移人口市民化过程中企业成本的概念、内涵、类型,并构建博弈论模型,分析了农业转移人口市民化过程中的企业承担意愿及行为选择,针对性地提出了促进企业主动参与农业转移人口市民化进程的建议。     

Transferring water from irrigation to higher valued uses: a case study of the Zhanghe irrigation system in China

The Zhanghe irrigation system (ZIS) is located in the Yangtze River Basin approximately 200 km west of Wuhan in Hubei Province. The reservoir was designed for multiple uses—irrigation, flood control, domestic water supply, industrial use, aquaculture, and hydropower. Over a period of more than 30 years a steadily increasing amount of water has been transferred from irrigation to other uses. Activities on the part of government, irrigation system managers, and farmers made this transfer possible with only modest decline in rice production. Most important factor was the steady increase in rice yields. The water pricing system provided an incentive for ZIS to reduce irrigation releases. With the steady decline in releases, farmers were forced to find ways to save water. Farmers improved existing ponds and built new ones to store water (improved infrastructure). Access to pond water on demand facilitated the adoption of alternate wetting and drying (technology) particularly in dry years. The establishment of volumetric pricing (price policy) and water user associations (institutions) may also have provided incentives for adoption of AWD, but more research is needed to establish their impact. These activities taken together can be seen as potentially complementary measures. Farmers received no direct compensation for the transfer of water, but recently farm taxes have been reduced or altogether abolished. Further reduction in water releases from the ZIS reservoir could adversely affect rice production in normal or dry years.     

基于克隆巴赫系数的大学生创业能力影响因素分析

以江苏高职院校为研究对象,通过宏观、中观和微观3个方面研究,构建了大学生创业能力影响因素模型。通过试验调查,找出影响大学生创业能力提升的薄弱环节和外部环境因素,提出11个创业能力要素,并采用克隆巴赫系数法进行分析,为制订与提升江苏高职院校大学生创业能力的策略奠定基础。     

Dynamical analysis of net cage structures for marine aquaculture: Numerical simulation and model testing

A numerical model for analyzing dynamic properties of a net-cage system exposed in the open sea is proposed. The model is based on a lumped-mass method. In this model, the mooring lines are divided into linear elements and the net cage divided into several plane surface elements. The interconnected points or corners are called nodes or lumped-mass centers. The external force is calculated on each element and then equally distributed to its nodes. By adding the contributed forces from the neighboring elements, a system of motion equations for nodes is formed. The volume reduction coefficient of a net cage is estimated by the ratio of minimum volume of net cage during fluid and structure interaction to the original volume. In general, the numerical results are in good agreements with the experimental data. However, the results also show that if the Reynolds number is lower than the suggested range of 1400–1800, the numerical model may underestimate the environmental forces on a net-cage system.     

耕地流转胁迫下农户生计多元化选择与可持续性水平——基于重庆市合川区188户的调查数据

农户生计资源重组是在耕地流转胁迫下对经济机会的反馈响应。基于重庆市合川区川柠柠檬示范园188户耕地流转农户及其394块流转耕地地块的调查数据,分析了流转农户劳动力特征和流转耕地的数量、质量及耕作半径特征,进而剖析耕地流转后农户多元化生计选择策略,并基于可持续生计框架,从生计资本、生计策略和生计成果3方面构建农户生计可持续性评价指标体系,采用自然资本、物质资本、人力资本、金融资本、社会资本、生计多样化指数、收入多样化指数、非农化水平及家庭纯收入指标,对农户生计可持续性水平进行评价。结果表明：1）耕地流转致使农户自然资本严重减少,家庭生计结构由农业主导型向非农主导型转变,生计种类显著增加,趋于多元化。2）耕地流转后,农户生计资本总指数增加,且农户生计资本属性间及各类型农户间的增长率存在分异。耕地流转导致5大资本失调,生计资本耦合协调度降低。3）不同类型农户生计可持续水平在流转后得到不同程度的提升,提升强度从大到小表现为非农主导型农户>农业主导型农户>非农型农户>纯农型农户。总之,农户在家庭承包耕地流转的内部冲击下,生计资本得以重组,致使农户生计的分化与转型,而多元化生计有助于农户生计的可持续发展。     

竖壁贴附送风改善冷藏库内流场特性

果蔬贮藏期间,冷藏库内的气流分布是影响果蔬贮藏品质和送风能量利用率的关键因素,合理的气流组织对冷藏库内流场分布是至关重要的。该研究以某苹果冷藏库为研究对象,采用竖壁贴附送风方式,并对其流场建立了三维稳态的SST湍流模型来研究库内流场的分布特性以及货物的冷却效果,同时与传统的冷风机直吹送风的流场特性进行了对比。结果表明：在相同送风量下,相比冷风机直吹送风方式,竖壁贴附送风使得库内温度不均匀系数和速度不均匀系数分别降低了31%和47%。而且竖壁贴附送风使库内空气与货物的换热更加充分,进而使得送风的能量利用率提高了19%。因此,竖壁贴附送风方式应用于冷藏库是一种有效且节能的气流组织方式。     

基于排污权交易的湘江流域生态补偿研究

[目的]以湖南省湘江流域为研究对象,探索流域生态补偿方法,为湘江流域实施污染综合治理及区域平衡发展提供理论依据。[方法]通过研究区域内的8个城市(长沙、湘潭、株洲、衡阳、岳阳、永州、郴州、娄底)2012年的人均GDP,人口总数,人均工业生产总值和万元GDP污水排放量与8个市的平均值进行对比分析,确定生态补偿标准系数。通过将各个市的人均排污量与8个城市的平均排污量作比较,求得各个市的超量排污量和节余排污量;按照主要因子排污价格及其排污比例确定超量排放和节余排放的支付和补偿价格;利用生态补偿标准系数,计算2012年湘江流域每个城市的最终补偿标准。[结果]2012年长沙、株洲、湘潭市应分别支付生态补偿资金4 005.0,440.7和430.1万元,衡阳、岳阳、郴州、永州和娄底市可获得的生态补偿资金分别为338.2,90.4,561.4,602.8和379.5万元。[结论]实际排污大于理论排污权的城市有长沙、株洲和湘潭市;而其他5个城市排污权均有节余。     

基于卷积神经网络与迁移学习的油茶病害图像识别

传统的植物病害图像识别准确率严重依赖于耗时费力的人工特征设计。该文利用深度卷积神经网络强大的特征学习和特征表达能力来自动学习油茶病害特征,并借助迁移学习方法将Alex Net模型在Image Net图像数据集上学习得到的知识迁移到油茶病害识别任务。对油茶叶片图像进行阈值分割、旋转对齐、尺度缩放等预处理后,按照病害特征由人工分为藻斑病、软腐病、煤污病、黄化病和健康叶5个类别。每个类别各选取750幅图像组成样本集,从样本集中随机选择80%的样本用作训练集,剩余20%用作测试集。利用随机裁剪、旋转变换和透视变换对训练集进行数据扩充,以模拟图像采集的不同视角和减少网络模型的过拟合。在Tensor Flow深度学习框架下,基于数据扩充前后的样本集,对Alex Net进行全新学习和迁移学习。试验结果表明,迁移学习能够明显提高模型的收敛速度和分类性能;数据扩充有助于增加数据的多样性,避免出现过拟合现象;在迁移学习和数据扩充方式下的分类准确率高达96.53%,对藻斑病、软腐病、煤污病、黄化病、健康叶5类病害的F1得分分别达到94.28%、94.67%、97.31%、98.34%和98.03%。该方法具有较高的识别准确率,对平移、旋转具有较强的鲁棒性,可为植物叶片病害智能诊断提供参考。