北方土石山区典型坡面优先流特征研究

以太行山区崇陵流域的典型坡面为研究对象,通过亮蓝(Blue-FCF)与KI染色示踪试验,利用图像处理软件技术,计算优先流形态特征参数,分析5个不同坡位的优先流形态特征变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着坡位升高,坡面土壤厚度、容重逐渐减小,而总孔隙度、渗透系数、饱和含水量逐渐增大,凋萎系数与田间持水量则呈现波动变化趋势;(2)随着坡位的升高,染色剂运移深度不断增加,基质流区域占比减小而优先流区域占比增大;各坡位染色面积比随深度缓慢下降,在40cm以下深度范围高坡位点的土壤水分与周围土体交互作用较低坡位点较弱;染色剂入渗体积随坡位升高而逐渐增大;(3)随着坡位的升高,优先流对实际水分运移的贡献增大,高坡位坡面水分以优先流为主要方式向下入渗;(4)土壤质地与容重是影响土石山区坡面不同坡位优先流差异的主要因素。     

Sodium fluorescein as an internal tracer on the location of bovine urine patches in pastures

Sodium fluorescein (SF) was evaluated and validated as an internal marker in cattle for the location of urine patches in pastures. Three trials were carried out aiming at the following: evaluating the effect of dilution and volume of application on SF fluorescence on the environment; testing dosages and duration of excretion of SF administered orally to cattle; and validating the methodology for SF use on the location of cattle urine patches in pastures. The marker was tested in beef cattle kept on pastures under three grazing systems: degraded pasture under extensive management (De), intensively managed dryland pasture with high stocking rate (Id) and intensively managed irrigated pasture with high stocking rate (Ii). Besides the localization of urination sites, the number of urinations/animal/d and the area covered by urine were also determined. The residue of SF remained fluorescent in the pasture foliage up to 34 h after urination events, allowing the location of urine patches by a black‐light flashlight. There was no difference between grazing systems in the number of urine patches/animal/d during the rainy and dry seasons. The average number of urine patches was approximately 11/animal/d. As expected, the estimated volume and area covered by urine varied according to the stocking density. The chosen SF dose (50 mg kg^?1 LW) did not adversely affect the animals when administered once daily during 2 d. However, the same SF dose administered during four consecutive days caused urinary disorder in the animal. The distribution of urine patches was spatially dependent on specific characteristics of the paddock.     

Nitrifier dominance of Arctic soil nitrous oxide emissions arises due to fungal competition with denitrifiers for nitrate

Arctic soils emit nitrous oxide, which is a potent greenhouse gas and also represents an important loss of nitrogen to oligotrophic Arctic ecosystems. However, little is known about the temperature sensitivity of nitrous oxide release in Arctic soils or the organisms mainly responsible for it. We investigated controls on nitrous oxide emissions in an Arctic soil across a typical temperature range (between 4 and 13 °C) on Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada (75°40′N 84°35′W) at two different moisture contents. When fertilized with ammonia or nitrate, nitrous oxide emissions and temperature dependence of nitrous oxide emissions were insensitive to soil moisture content but linked to nitrification rates. Stable isotope analysis revealed that nitrous oxide was predominantly released by nitrifiers. However, nitrous oxide emissions were not linked to nitrifier prevalence with an insignificant (P < 0.219) increase in amoA genes and a (P < 0.01) decrease in archaeal nitrifiers. In contrast, denitrifier nosZ prevalence was 10,000 times greater than that of nitrifiers and was related to nitrous oxide emission potential when soils were fertilized with nitrate. Manipulating water-filled pore space should have changed the pattern of N₂O emissions. We used selective inhibitors to further explore why denitrification did not occur under field conditions when we manipulated water-filled pore space or when we used ¹⁵N analysis. When fungi were inhibited in the soil, nitrous oxide emissions from denitrifiers increased with no change in nitrous oxide released by nitrifiers. When fungi were active in the soil, there was little available nitrate but when fungi were inhibited, available soil nitrate increased over the incubation period. The dominance of nitrifiers in nitrous oxide emissions from Arctic soils under field conditions is linked to the competition for nitrate between fungi and denitrifiers.     

15N标记氮在盆栽山毛榉中的分配

温室条件下,向盆栽山毛榉幼苗中施加192g.m&#183;^-2^15N示踪物,研究连续两个生长季沉积氮在森林土壤（含森林地被物）、沥出物、以及地上和地下部分生物量的分配。模拟了四种处理（栽培和非栽培）下的NH4^＋和NO3^-沉积情况,每种处理各自标记为^15N-NH4^＋或者^15N-NO3^-。在整个体系中施加15N的总回收率分别是,盆栽处理的^15N-NH4^＋为67.3%～74.9%,非盆栽处理的^15N-NO3^-为85.3%～88.1%。两种^15N示踪物主要沉积在森林土壤（包括森林地被物）中,其中盆栽处理的森里土壤中^15N-NH4^＋为34.6%～33.7%,^15N-NO3^-为13.1%～9.0%,说明异养微生物有很强的固氮作用。森林土壤微生物对^15N-NH4^＋的固定能力比^15N-NO3^-的固定能力强三倍。^15N-NH4^＋的优先异养利用造成土壤中^15N-NH4^＋的沉积量是植物体保存量的两倍 而土壤中^15N-NO3^-的沉积量却低于植物体的。总之,植被-土壤系统中15N-NH4＋的沉积量比^15N-NO3^-的沉积高了60%,说明了沉积氮的形式在森林生态系统中氮保存中的重要性。     

示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

示踪技术在研究土地退化状况、土壤资源可持续利用、土壤侵蚀等方面具有重要的应用价值。文章介绍了放射性物质示踪、稀土元素示踪、磁性示踪等3种主要示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用概况,重点综述放射性单核素（^187Cs、^7Be）示踪技术、放射性离子示踪技术和复合核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展,最后结合示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的特点,对其今后的发展方向和应用前景作了展望,即多核素示踪技术的应用将成为土壤侵蚀研究的一大重点;3S技术与示踪技术的有机结合,将为区域水土流失快速评价提供一条有效途径。     

亚洲粉尘释放的研究进展

我国北方沙漠、黄土高原、青藏高原是亚州粉尘释放的关键区域。进一步的元素示踪研究表明,我国西部和北部沙漠是亚洲粉尘和黄土高原黄土的主要源区;太平洋地区和格陵兰地区粉尘的源区为东亚地区。近地面风和高空西风带是亚洲粉尘传输的主要途径。北太平洋粉尘沉积和格陵兰冰芯粉尘记录对比表明,亚洲粉尘的产生、搬运和沉积在这些记录中既表现出一致性,也存在某些差异,显示了搬运过程、沉积过程以及区域性因素对粉尘记录的影响。     

稻田—田埂过渡区土壤优先流特征研究

为揭示田埂对稻田—田埂过渡区土壤水分渗漏的影响,对比不同位点(田内、过渡带和田埂)优先流特征差异,采用室外亮蓝染色示踪方法,对江汉平原典型稻田—田埂过渡区进行研究。结果表明:过渡区土壤染色面积比(SAR)随深度的增加呈波动下降,其中0~20cm土层SAR较高,占剖面总SAR的53.85%~88.55%。不同位点土壤SAR差异明显,0~20 cm土层平均SAR由大到小依次为田内、过渡带、田埂,20 cm以下各位点SAR均较低,但田埂平均SAR高于田内。各位点水平剖面染色结果与垂直染色结果能较好对应,且随着深度增加,土壤染色区域急剧减少。各位点染色路径数(SPN)与SAR显著相关,田埂中、下层土壤SPN均高于田内。染色路径宽度(SPW)结果显示,0~20 cm田内以10~80 mm和大于80 mm SPW为主,过渡带和田埂大于80 mm SPW较少,均以小于10 mm和10~80 mm为主。各位点SPW的差异反映在水流类型上,田内为非均质指流—高相互作用大孔隙流,过渡区和田埂以混合作用大孔隙流—高相互作用大孔隙流为主。水分渗漏路径结果显示,田内水分由过渡带和田埂的垂直和侧向渗漏较强,且田沟田埂侧向流较田间田埂明显。田埂是稻田水分快速流失的主要区域,加剧了稻田水肥流失和水环境污染风险。本研究可为稻田水分保持和制定合理施肥、灌溉等措施提供依据。     

应用137Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀的若干问题探讨

[目的]探讨用~(137)Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀量方法(以下简称"~(137)Cs示踪方法")所存在的几个关键问题,促进该方法的标准化和系统化。[方法]对大量已发表的相关文献进行分析,根据作者的研究经验,归纳出~(137)Cs示踪方法在实践应用中所存在的核心问题。[结果]~(137)Cs示踪方法中关于~(137)Cs在空间是均匀分布的假设存在不合理性,不能直接用于定量估算单钻点取样的土壤侵蚀量。~(137)Cs活度的空间变化存在随机性的成分。敏感度和不确定性分析结果证明~(137)Cs活度的空间随机变化量是~(137)Cs示踪方法不确性的最大来源。[结论]可以用多钻点样本平均值来减少~(137)Cs随机变化量所引起的侵蚀估算误差。以统计学为基础的试验设计和采取独立样本的办法可以消除该误差。虽然~(137)Cs模型已被广泛应用,但由于缺乏长期观测资料诸多模型还处在理论研究阶段,没有得到严格的验证和评判。因为不同模型估算的侵蚀量差别甚大,模型验证和筛选对该方法的成功运用至关重要。     

放牧条件下白牦牛采食的季节性微调整及其效应

为研究牦牛采食模式季节性微调整对摄入的干物质及胃肠道甲烷排放的效应,于2014年9月至2015年9月进行了天祝白牦牛采食试验。结果表明：卷食模式的7?8月,蛋白质摄入最高（10.70%±0.38%）、粗纤维（18.68%±5.31%）和木质素摄入（1.89%±0.49%）最低、反刍间隔最短（1.1±0.3h）。啃食和卷食相结合的4月份半纤维素（15.68%±5.17%）和粗脂肪（1.08%±0.09%）摄入最低;5月份采食速度最快（1.15±0.16口/s）;6月份粗灰分摄入最高（18.29%±2.39%）、胎儿出生质量最大;9月份单口采食（1.97±0.27 g）、脂肪摄入量（3.77%±0.08%）、日增质量（97.43±5.18 g/d）、瘤胃甲烷气体排放最高（315.70±21.24 g/d）;10月份日采食总量（9749.40±2783.66g/d）、反刍速度最高（1.24±0.15团/min）;11月份半纤维素摄入最高（19.46%±2.58%）;12月反刍间隔最长（2.9±0.2h）。啃食模式的2月份单口采食量（0.95±0.14g）、采食速度（0.73±0.24口/s）、蛋白质（2.72%±0.49%）、粗灰分摄入（7.14%±3.25%）最低;3月份纤维素（39.25%±7.15%）、木质素（12.57%±0.46%）摄入量为最高,日采食量（4417.29±1114.56 g/d）、反刍速度（0.76±0.16团/min）、日增质量（?48.87±3.56 g/d）、瘤胃甲烷量排放（237.57±22.39 g/d）最低;该研究以解释牦牛生产过程中季节性甲烷排放节律。     

基于二维条码和ARM的谷物溯源采集传输系统

摘要：谷物在生产供应链中按照等级和用途进行混合配送和分销,多源头性决定了谷物追溯系统中信息识别的难点。针对这个问题,该文提出以表面喷印二维条码的追溯颗粒作为谷物追溯信息的载体。基于嵌入式系统开发了二维条码、GPS定位信息和谷物产地环境信息采集终端,终端采集到的数据通过GPRS网络传输。系统实现了谷物标示信息及产地环境信息（温度、湿度、光照、二氧化碳）的自动采集和传输,可作为快速、低成本的谷物追溯系统,为确保谷物质量与安全生产提供一种有效手段。