猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌Apx毒素的分子生物学与致病机理

猪传染性胸膜肺炎是由胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(App)引起的猪的一种呼吸道传染病.到目前为止,APP已经被分离鉴定出了15种血清型(1～15).15种血清型的APP能产生属于RTX毒素家族的4种Apx毒素,分别为ApxⅠ、ApxⅡ、ApxⅢ和ApxⅣ.ApxⅠ操纵子包含有ApxⅠ C、A、B、D 4个基因;ApxⅠ毒素含有13个富含甘氨酸的重复区.ApxⅡ操纵子仅包括结构基因ApxⅡA和激活基因ApxⅡC,而无分泌基因;ApxⅡ蛋白含有8个甘氨酸的序列重复.ApxⅢ操纵子与ApxⅠ操纵子相同,具有一个完整的操纵子;ApxⅢ在N～末端有3个疏水区,在C末端部分有13个富含甘氨酸的区域.Apx毒素的致病机理为先由没有活性的前体蛋白转变为有活性的ApxA蛋白,再由有活性的ApxA蛋白侵害细胞.     

Stability of Domoic Acid in 50% Methanol Extracts and Raw Fecal Material from Bowhead Whales (Balaena mysticetus)

Domoic acid (DA), the toxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is produced globally by some diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA has been detected in several marine mammal species in the Alaskan Arctic, raising health concerns for marine mammals and subsistence communities dependent upon them. Gastrointestinal matrices are routinely used to detect Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) toxin presence in marine mammals, yet DA stability has only been studied extensively in shellfish-related matrices. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified DA in bowhead whale fecal samples at multiple time points for two groups: (1) 50% methanol extracts from feces, and (2) raw feces stored in several conditions. DA concentrations decreased to 70 ± 7.1% of time zero (T₀) in the 50% methanol extracts after 2 weeks, but remained steady until the final time point at 5 weeks (66 ± 5.7% T₀). In contrast, DA concentrations were stable or increased in raw fecal material after 8 weeks of freezer storage (−20 °C), at room temperature (RT) in the dark, or refrigerated at 1 °C. DA concentrations in raw feces stored in an incubator (37 °C) or at RT in the light decreased to 77 ± 2.8% and 90 ± 15.0% T₀ at 8 weeks, respectively. Evaporation during storage of raw fecal material is a likely cause of the increased DA concentrations observed over time with the highest increase to 126 ± 7.6% T₀ after 3.2 years of frozen storage. These results provide valuable information for developing appropriate sample storage procedures for marine mammal fecal samples.     

Outbreak of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Associated with Mussels,British Columbia,Canada

In 2011, a Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) outbreak occurred in British Columbia (BC), Canada that was associated with cooked mussel consumption. This is the first reported DSP outbreak in BC. Investigation of ill individuals, traceback of product and laboratory testing for toxins were used in this investigation. Sixty-two illnesses were reported. Public health and food safety investigation identified a common food source and harvest area. Public health and regulatory agencies took actions to recall product and notify the public. Shellfish monitoring program changes were implemented after the outbreak. Improved response and understanding of toxin production will improve management of future DSP outbreaks.     

草莓根腐病菌致病物质的初步研究

为明确引起草莓根腐病主要致病菌之一的石楠拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis photiniae)的致病机理,对该病菌的致病物质进行了初步探讨。在证实除去病菌菌体的培养滤液中存在致病活性物质的基础上,经硫酸铵沉淀法得蛋白类致病物质,用乙酸乙酯萃取毒素类致病物质,然后采用离体叶片针刺法测定致病活性,并对其基本性质进行了初步研究。结果表明,蛋白类物质无致病活性,毒素类物质具有明显的致病活性;毒素类致病物质是一种相对分子质量在10 kD以下的小分子物质,且热稳定性较差,不同pH值致病活性差异显著,pH 2.5时致病活性最强。     

麻痹性贝毒的分析方法研究进展

针对麻痹性贝毒的检测技术,着重从生物学测试方法、化学测试分析方法2个方面概括地介绍了贝毒检测技术研究的进展。总结了几种相关检测技术各自的优点和不足及几种方法有机结合和优势互补,提出了技术的革新和新方法的使用将是贝类毒素检测手段的发展方向。     

转Bt基因作物毒素在土壤中降解特性的研究进展

总结了国内外转Bt基因作物在土壤中降解特性的研究结果,讨论了土壤有机、无机组分与毒素蛋白的关系,阐明了转基因毒素蛋白在土壤中的降解与影响因素,揭示了转Bt基因作物在土壤中降解的生态环境效应,并提出了今后应深入研究的问题和方向.     

靶标昆虫对转Bt基因作物产生抗性的机理及研究进展

总结了靶标昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机理,系统综述了国内外靶标昆虫对转Bt基因作物抗性的研究现状,包括室内条件和大田条件下靶标昆虫对Bt毒素和转Bt基因作物形成抗性的研究和监测结果。     

Insecticidal activity of scorpion toxin (ButaIT) and snowdrop lectin (GNA) containing fusion proteins towards pest species of different orders

BACKGROUND: The toxicity of a fusion protein, ButalT/GNA, comprising a venom toxin (ButaIT) derived from the red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus (F.), and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), was evaluated under laboratory conditions against several pest insects. Insecticidal activity was compared with SFI1/GNA, a fusion comprising a venom toxin (SFI1) derived from the European spider Segestria florentina (Rossi) and GNA, which has been previously demonstrated to be effective against lepidopteran and hemipteran pests, and to GNA itself. RESULTS: Injection assays demonstrated that both fusion proteins were toxic to lepidopteran larvae, dipteran adults, coleopteran adults and larvae and dictyopteran nymphs. ButalT/GNA was more toxic than SFI1/GNA in all cases. GNA itself made a minor contribution to toxicity. Oral toxicity of ButalT/GNA towards lepidopteran pests was confirmed against neonate Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), where incorporation at 2% dietary protein resulted in 50% mortality and > 85% reduction in growth compared with controls. ButaIT/GNA was orally toxic to Musca domestica L. adults, causing 75% mortality at 1 mg mL^?1 in aqueous diets and, at 2 mg g^?1 it was orally toxic to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.), causing 60% mortality and a 90% reduction in growth. CONCLUSIONS: Toxicity of the ButaIT/GNA recombinant fusion protein towards a range of insect pests from different orders was demonstrated by injection bioassays. Feeding bioassays demonstrated the potential use of the ButaIT/GNA fusion protein as an orally active insecticide against lepidopteran, dipteran and coleopteran pests. These experiments provide further evidence that the development of fusion protein technology for the generation of new, biorational, anti‐insect molecules holds significant promise. © Crown Copyright 2009. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.