冲量式谷物流量传感器测产信号处理方法

为研究冲量式谷物流量传感器背景振动噪声的提取及剔除方法,以减小背景振动噪声对其测产精度的影响,设计了一套冲量式谷物流量传感器室内标定台架,通过变频调速器控制驱动电机实现输粮搅龙和刮板升运器转速的改变以模拟联合收割机的不同田间工况,并对双板差分冲量式谷物流量传感器的测产信号处理方法进行了研究。通过算术均值滤波初步滤除测量板和参考板输出信号中的随机噪声,通过对参考板滤波输出信号的离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)提取背景噪声的频谱特性,通过测量板和参考板DFT结果的频域差分实现测量板输出信号中背景噪声的剔除,对频域差分结果进行离散傅里叶逆变换(inverse discrete Fourier transform,IDFT)即可得到剔除了背景振动噪声后的传感器输出信号,再对其进行二次算术均值滤波,即得到最终的测产输出信号。通过室内台架标定,建立了谷物籽粒流量与测产输出信号和升运器速度之间的标定模型,并进行了室内模拟测产试验。试验结果表明:谷物流量范围为0.5~2.3 kg/s时,在不同的变频调速器输出频率下,最大测产误差不大于3.1%,测产精度较高且比较稳定,频域差分处理方法能较好地实现双板差分冲量式谷物流量传感器背景振动噪声的剔除。该研究可为冲量式谷物流量传感器测产系统的开发提供参考。     

测土配方施肥项目生命周期环境效益评价—以聊城市玉米为例

采用生命周期分析方法系统评估测土配方施肥行动的直接与间接环境效益,为深入实施该项目提供依据。以山东省聊城市玉米测土配方施肥项目为例,对玉米施肥生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放进行清单分析,并以习惯施肥区为参照对象评估其实现的净资源节约与污染物减排效益。结果表明,2006~2009年聊城市测土配方施肥项目显著减少了玉米生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放量。通过测土配方施肥,1 t 玉米生命周期实现的富营养化和环境酸化的减缓潜力分别相当于2000年世界人均影响潜力的20%~34%和5%~15%。环境总效益呈逐年下降趋势,这是由于习惯施肥与测土配方施肥的差距越来越小,农民肥料投入趋于理性,表明测土配方施肥通过示范起到了较好的辐射推广作用。     

Evaluation of bone toxicity in various bones of aged rats

The aim of the present study was to provide a method for evaluating bone toxicity induced by drugs in various bones in aged rats. Male Crl:CD (SD) rats at 46 weeks of age were administered 15 mg/m(2) body surface area of doxorubicin, which effects the growth plate in weanling rats, weekly for 9 weeks by intravenous injection, and the femur, sternum, humerus and tibia were examined histopathologically. In the doxorubicin-treated group, thinning of the growth plate was remarkably observed in the proximal tibia and humerus; however, these changes were not observed in other regions. In addition, the osteoclast number per bone perimeter in the proximal tibia was significantly higher than others in control aged rat. Thus, recognizing the various histological reactions related to the time of epiphyseal closure is important for evaluating bone toxicity in aged rats.     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium in rice plants suffering from different levels of chromium toxicity

The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of different heavy metals in rice are correlated with their bio‐toxicity. An experiment was conducted to investigate the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium (Cr) in two rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 113 and cv. Dan K5) differing in Cr accumulation, to understand the mechanisms of Cr toxicity and resistance in rice plants. The results show that Cr in the roots of rice plants exposed to Cr stress was mainly localized in cell walls, whereas Cr in leaves and stems was mainly present in both cell walls and vacuoles, suggesting that both compartments act as important protective barriers against Cr toxicity in rice plants. Although Cr ions in all plant tissues exist predominantly in the forms extracted by 80% ethanol and distilled water, the amount of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues was significantly increased under the highest Cr level (100 μM Cr) compared to the plants grown under lower Cr levels. These results indicate that excess Cr accumulated in rice plants under Cr stress is bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, such as undissolved phosphate and oxalate, being beneficial for rice plants to alleviate Cr toxicity. In addition, under the highest Cr level (100 μM), Dan K5 had a higher percentage of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues compared to Xiushui 113 in both stems and leaves, indicating that more Cr ions in shoots of Dan K5 were bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, in comparison with those of Xiushui 113. It is evident that the low bioavailability of Cr in the shoots of Dan K5 is related to a high Cr accumulation.     

玉米苞叶力学特性试验研究——基于玉米联合收获机剥皮机构

玉米是我国重要的粮食作物,目前多数地区的玉米收获仍然以手工为主,收获环节已经成为制约玉米机械化生产发展的瓶颈。为此,以先玉335为样本,在测定玉米苞叶纵向和横向拉力的基础之上,分析玉米苞叶纵向拉力与苞叶层数的关系、横向拉力与玉米苞叶层数的关系以及苞叶纵向拉力与横向拉力之间的关系。试验结果表明:玉米苞叶纵向拉力的最大值为86.892 9N,最小值为57.357 6N;横向拉力的最大值为10.001 7N,最小值为3.771 2N;纵向拉力和横向拉力由外层到内层均呈减小趋势;玉米苞叶单位截面上纵向平均拉力约为横向拉力的8～10倍。因此,设计玉米联合收获机剥皮机构过程中,在权衡苞叶剥净率与籽粒破碎率的同时,应综合考虑苞叶纵向和横向的拉力。     

土壤中磷、钾、钙、镁的同时提取以及对巴西南部作物的钾肥推荐

Simultaneous multi-element extraction has been increasing worldwide to improve soil laboratory testing quality and effciency. This study sought to investigate the applicability of the Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and resin methods for simultaneous extraction of soil available P, K, Ca, and Mg as well as the effect of using conversion equations on nutrient recommendations for crops. Topsoil (0-20 cm) samples were taken from the most representative soil types used for crop production in southern Brazil with a wide range of chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties. Soil P, K, Ca, and Mg were simultaneously extracted using 1.0 mol L-1 KCl, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 solutions, and membrane resin. The amounts of P extracted with the Mehlich-1 method were, on average, 50% lower than those extracted with the resin and Mehlich-3 methods. However, the resin method extracted the lowest amounts of K, Ca, and Mg. The use of conversion equations was suitable and it did not a?ect negatively the K recommendations for crops grown on soils of southern Brazil.     

浅谈单位换算技术在水泵测试中的应用

水泵试验时,要采集诸多参数,并且根据这些参数计算出扬程、轴功率、NPSH等数值,不同国家这些参数采用的单位不同,企业必须能够按照客户要求的单位提供试验数据;并且有时客户要求得到水泵在特殊介质下进行试验得出的试验数据,同一台泵在每种介质下都做一遍试验不太现实,且会增加企业的生产成本,提出将采集的数据进行单位换算,根据不同国家或者客户的特殊要求求出泵的试验数据,在实际应用中节省了试验成本。     

饲用黄丝藻粉的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验

试验旨在通过研究黄丝藻粉对大鼠的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验,初步评价其饲用安全性。5 000 mg/kg体重黄丝藻粉灌胃给予Wistar大鼠进行急性毒性试验;黄丝藻粉按0、1 250、2 500、5 000 mg/kg 添加于饲料中饲喂大鼠,进行90 d亚慢性毒性试验。每周称量大鼠体重与饲料消耗,分别于喂养 45、90 d 时剖检,进行血常规和血液生化指标检测,计算脏器系数,并对主要脏器进行组织病理学检查。结果表明,5 000 mg/kg体重黄丝藻粉给予大鼠均未出现死亡,LD₅₀>5 000 mg/kg体重,根据WHO对化学物质的毒性评级,黄丝藻粉属于实际无毒物质。亚慢性毒性试验中,高、中、低剂量黄丝藻粉饲喂大鼠90 d后平均饲料消耗、体增重、脏器系数与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。各处理组血常规指标、低剂量组血液生化指标与正常对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）;高、中剂量组除血液总胆固醇（CHO）、甘油三酯（TG）显著低于对照组（P<0.05）外,其他血液生化指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）;高、中剂量组总胆固醇和甘油三酯均在大鼠正常生化指标范围内;解剖及主要脏器HE染色检查均未发现明显变化。试验结果表明,黄丝藻粉属于实际无毒物质;5 000 mg/kg添加剂量喂养大鼠90 d,未观察到明显的有害作用,有望在动物饲料中添加应用。     

XND-A型奶检仪及其检测方法的研究报告

本文介绍了一种以电导电极为传感器的便携式奶检仪,以及能快速、准确、综合地检测出掺假加水奶、酸败奶、乳房炎奶的两种检测方法。经大量试验验证和技术鉴定表明,其检测速度比单项检测快20多倍,直接法检测率达92.5％,间接法检测率约达100％。