3种新烟碱类杀虫剂对棉蚜的室内毒力测定及田间药效

【目的】评价氟啶虫胺腈、氟吡呋喃酮、烯啶虫胺原药以及22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂、17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂和5%烯啶虫胺水剂不同处理剂量对棉蚜的杀虫活性。【方法】采用浸叶法和茎叶喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。【结果】氟啶虫胺腈/氟吡呋喃酮、烯啶虫胺原药对棉蚜24 h LC₅₀分别为2.41、1.49、0.81 μg/mL;48 h LC₅₀分别为1.35、0.72、0.32 μg/mL。22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和7%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂对棉蚜具有很好的速效性,平均防治效果在70%以上。【结论】3种药剂均表现很好的持效性,氟啶虫胺腈、氟吡呋喃酮、烯啶虫胺可有效防治棉蚜,是棉花生产上防治棉蚜的高毒农药理想的替代药剂。     

七种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效评价

本研究评价了七种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病菌的室内毒力及田间防效。室内毒力测定结果表明：30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂、35%噻呋.氟环唑悬浮剂、32%噻呋.戊唑醇悬浮剂、30%戊唑.嘧菌酯悬浮剂、500g/L苯甲.丙环唑乳油这5种杀菌剂混剂对水稻纹枯病菌均有较强的抑制作用,EC₅₀值在0.0572~0.2265 mg.L^_-1之间。田间防效试验结果表明：在药后7d,对水稻纹枯病防效最好的药剂为30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂,防效为95.02%,30%戊唑.嘧菌酯悬浮剂、32%噻呋.戊唑醇悬浮剂、35%噻呋.氟环唑悬浮剂和500g/L苯甲.丙环唑乳油的防效分别为93.15%、92.53%、92.26%、91.81%;在药后14d,30%肟菌.戊唑醇悬浮剂这5种杀菌剂混剂对水稻纹枯病的防效均达到93%以上。     

Effects of crushed conspecifics on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon Fabricius post larvae

In the present study, the hypothesis tested was that Penaeus monodon post‐larvae (PL) experience lower growth when exposed to crushed conspecifics, which was achieved by exposing individual P. monodon PL with abundant food for 4 weeks to a gradient from 0 to 100 crushed conspecific PL L^?1. Both dry weight (48.5±7.2 mg) and body size (28.0±1.3 mm) of animals exposed to 1 macerated PL L^?1 were significantly (P≤0.011) higher than those of animals in treatments with 0, 5 and 10 crushed PL L^?1 (average over treatments: 25.6±3.2 mg; 23.4±0.5 mm). All animals died within 1 week when exposed to 70 and 100 crushed PL L^?1, and within 3–4 weeks when exposed to 50 and 30 crushed PL L^?1. Exposure time affected mortality and it appeared that LC₅₀ values decreased from 60 to 13 crushed PL L^?1 from 1 to 4 weeks' exposure. Survival of P. monodon PL was negatively correlated to pH, biological oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrate. In conclusion, low dose of crushed conspecifics has a stimulatory effect on P. monodon PL, as larvae were heavier and larger, while high doses cause high mortality.     

3种工业废水对牙鲆胚胎的毒性效应

通过室内实验，研究了印染废水、电镀废水、农药废水3种工业废水及其混合物(等体积混合)对牙鲆胚胎的毒性效应。印染废水的主要有毒物为苯胺(20mg/L)和苯酚(24mg/L)，电镀废水主要有毒物为锌(1970mg/L)、铜(9mg/L)和铅(7．5mg/L)；农药废水及混合物主要有毒物为久效磷和亚磷酸盐。实验表明，这4种类型废水对牙鲆胚胎发育孵化有显著影响的最低体积分数分别为0．5％、0．15％、0．25％和0．25％；对牙Gf胚胎起始半数致死浓度(95％可信限，体积分数)分别为3．38％(2．29％—3．87％)、0．81％(0．71％—0．92％)、1．57％(1．37％—1．82％)和1．48％(1．24％—1，76％)。以牙鲆胚胎起始半数致死浓度(体积分数)为指标，这几种工业废水的毒性顺序为电镀废水＞农药废水＞印染废水。     

In vitro sensitivity of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to antifungal therapeutics

Chytridiomycosis, a skin disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has caused amphibian declines worldwide. Amphibians can be treated by percutaneous application of antimicrobials, but knowledge of in vitro susceptibility is lacking. Using a modified broth microdilution method, we describe the in vitro sensitivity of two Australian isolates of B. dendrobatidis to six antimicrobial agents. Growth inhibition was observed, by measurement of optical density, with all agents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml; isolate 1/2) were – voriconazole 0.016/0.008; itraconazole 0.032/0.016; terbinafine 0.063/0.063; fluconazole 0.31/0.31; chloramphenicol 12.5/12.5; amphotericin B 12.5/6.25. Killing effects on zoospores were assessed by observing motility. Amphotericin B and terbinafine killed zoospores within 5 and 30 min depending on concentration, but other antimicrobials were not effective at the highest concentrations tested (100 µg/ml). This knowledge will help in drug selection and treatment optimization. As terbinafine was potent and has rapid effects, study of its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy is recommended.     

中药复方宫炎净注射液对奶牛子宫内膜炎部分血液学指标影响及毒性试验研究

选择新疆第八师某团已确诊为患子宫内膜炎的奶牛20头,观察宫炎净注射液治疗前后的部分血液学指标变化,并与健康对照组和未治疗组进行比较,考察宫炎净注射液的抗炎作用;通过小鼠口服和腹腔注射宫炎净注射液进行急性毒性试验,观察给药后小鼠的临床症状和病理变化,考察宫炎净注射液的临床毒性.试验结果显示,使用宫炎净注射液治疗后,奶牛血液中的红细胞总数、血红蛋白含量和淋巴细胞数量均有所上升,白细胞总数和粒细胞数有所下降;2个疗程后,中药治疗组奶牛的部分血液学指标均接近正常水平,与正常对照组无显著性差异;毒性试验显示,用药后小白鼠临床表现和剖检均无异常情况。结果表明,中药复方宫炙净注射液安全无毒。     

黄花补血草醇提物对小鼠急性毒性试验

采用改良寇氏法测定黄花补血草醇提物对小鼠腹腔注射的急性毒性试验,评价其安全性。实验组小鼠灌服不同浓度的黄花补血草醇提物,观察给药后小鼠的临床表现与死亡情况。结果黄花补血草醇提物最大剂量一次性给8 g/kg,1周后未见明显中毒症状,并测得最大耐受量（MTD）试验值为15 g/kg（〉10 g/kg）。结果提示,黄花补血草醇提物的毒性较低,临床用药安全可靠,为黄花补血草的临床前和临床研究提供安全的实验数据,并进一步了解了黄花补血草的生物学活性,为将其更好地应用于制药业和临床治疗提供科学依据。     

氨氮和亚硝酸氮对南美白对虾的毒性研究

用通常的生物毒性试验方法进行了氨氮和亚硝氨氮对体长5cm南美白对虾的急性毒性试验。在海水pH8.15、水温T＝27℃、盐度S＝20．0‰条件下，求得了两种物质对南美白对虾24h、48h、72h、96h的半死浓度，提出总氨氮和非离子氨氮对南美白对虾的安全浓度分别为2．667mg/L和0．201mg/L，亚硝酸氮的安全浓度为5．551mg/L。氨氮对南美白对虾的毒性强于亚硝酸氮，并提出降低氨氮和亚硝酸氮含量的措施。     

喹乙醇对鲤鱼的急性毒性试验

以一龄越冬的德国镜鲤为试验对象，测定一次内服和腹注喹乙醇96h的死亡率，探讨喹乙醇对鲤鱼的毒性作用。试验结果表明，2－10g/kg体重的等比浓度梯度喹乙醇内服剂量不引起任何毒性反应，腹注喹乙醇LD50为1022.6mg/kg。结果提示，喹乙醇对鲤鱼的毒性极低。     

铬在渔业中应用的研究进展

综述了铬在渔业中应用的研究进展,包括铬作为水产养殖饲料添加剂,对水生生物生长、毒性和生理活性的影响,及铬对养殖水体的污染、对渔业生物的危害以及检测方法等等,并提出了今后的研究展望。