测土配方施肥研究的文献计量分析

测土配方施肥是推进新农村建设的一项重要举措。运用文献计量学方法,以中国基础知识设施工程文献数据库中的4数据库和美国科学信息研究所的Web of Science数据库中的6数据库为数据源,分别从论文发表时间、刊登期刊、被引频次、学科及研究方向、研究人员及研究单位、资金支持、研究物种和研究区域等方面对中外截止至2016年6月以来发表的测土配方施肥研究文献进行计量统计。结果表明,国内相关文献发表数量与政策实施保持了高度一致性,2005年文献数量开始激增,2010年之后论文数量保持较平稳波动;农林科研院校和地方土壤肥料工作站是国内测土配方施肥研究的中坚力量;目前测土配方施肥技术主要应用在水稻、玉米、小麦和马铃薯4大粮食作物上,研究区域主要集中在我国东部地区的省份和13大粮食主产区,西部研究较少;测土配方施肥的研究未来方向是往计算机软件及计算机应用、林业等学科专业方向倾斜。     

泾河流域径流-泥沙的尺度效应研究

[目的]分析泾河流域径流和泥沙的尺度效应,并通过突变检测确定突变时间点,对比突变前后水沙尺度效应的变化,为气候变化和人类活动对水沙尺度效应研究提供支持。[方法]收集整理了泾河流域1958—2013年的水沙资料,基于流域水沙异源的特性,将流域分成南北两个分支,分别探讨2条分支水沙的尺度效应,并通过Mann-Kendall突变检验方法计算出突变时间点,对比突变前后尺度效应的异同。[结果](1)南北两分支的径流—泥沙之间的尺度效应具有反向关系。北支(洪德—张家山)的产流模数随面积增加表现为线性增加,南支(三关口—张家山)的产流模数随面积增加表现出对数函数关系,随集水面积增大产流模数先快速减小后缓慢减小。北支的产沙模数随面积增加表现为线性减少,南支的产沙模数随面积增加表现出幂函数关系,即随面积增大产沙模数先快速增加后缓慢增加;(2)突变后水沙都比突变前出现了不同程度的减少,突变前后水沙的尺度效应大部分具有相同的拟合函数关系式,仅南支的产沙模数由突变前的最优二项式函数拟合转变为突变后的线性函数。[结论]气候变化和人类活动的共同作用不同程度的改变了泾河流域径流—泥沙的尺度效应。     

柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用

为了探究柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用,本试验采用水培法,以早春红玉(耐铝型,HY)和早蜜王(铝敏感型,ZM)2个西瓜品种为材料,用不同柠檬酸浓度(200、400、800、1 200μmol·L~(-1))处理铝胁迫(1 500μmol·L~(-1))下的西瓜幼苗,研究不同柠檬酸浓度对西瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫对HY和ZM幼苗的生长和生理均产生了明显的毒害作用,与HY相比,ZM受毒害的程度更大。加入柠檬酸后,铝对HY和ZM的毒害作用得到了有效的缓解,且缓解效果存在浓度差异,在一定浓度范围内(≤800μmol·L~(-1)),随着柠檬酸浓度增加缓解效果增强,其中以800μmol·L~(-1)效果最佳;当浓度增至1 200μmol·L~(-1)时,缓解效果反而减弱。柠檬酸对ZM的缓解作用强于HY,同时随着处理时间的延长柠檬酸缓解效果越明显。综上所述,柠檬酸能够有效缓解铝对西瓜幼苗的毒害作用,以400~800μmol·L~(-1)解毒效果最佳。本研究结果为明确柠檬酸缓解西瓜铝毒害作用机制以及西瓜优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

Effect of Citrate Concentration on the Extraction Efficiency of Selected Micronutrients from Soil

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of citrate concentration on the extraction efficiency of some micronutrients from soil. Composite surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from Eastern Harage Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa and Humbo Districts) and Dire Dawa Administrative Council in purposive sampling. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. A greenhouse pot experiment with soybean plant was conducted to determine the correlation between soil test methods and the selected micronutrients, such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of the plant. The results showed that, among the different citrate concentrations with strontium chloride (SrCl₂) tested for the determination of available Fe, Mn and Zn, the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.82, p < 0.05), (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) were found between the diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) method and 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl₂)-0.025 M citric acid extractant, respectively. Therefore, 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant is considered to be the most effective for the determination of Fe, Mn and Zn in soils of the studied areas. Similarly, high correlation coefficients (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) were found between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid and (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractants for the determination of available Cu from soils. Hence, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid extractant was shown to be the best for the determination of Cu in soils of the studied areas. However, considering the use of universal extractant, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant could easily be adopted as a procedure for the determination of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn for both agricultural and environmental purposes. The greenhouse experiment confirmed the result.     

基于声学特性的西瓜糖度检测系统

该研究优化了由包裹橡皮的金属小球、压电式加速度传感器、电荷放大器、光电式触发电路、数据采集卡和计算机等组成的西瓜声学特性测试系统。由所获取的声波信号幅值谱计算出声透过率,采用TQ软件中SMLR(逐步多元线性回归)函数选取6个特征频率:752、869、1001、4556、322、3950Hz,由其对应的声透过率值建立了西瓜品质检测的多元线性回归模型。对47个西瓜样本的试验数据分析表明:将敲击点和接收点分别放置在西瓜自然生长状态的中部对侧可获得最佳的测定模型,模型的校正相关系数R、校正均方根误差RMSEC和预测均方根误差RMSEP分别是0.80753、0.646和0.655。实现了西瓜糖度检测目的,为声学无损检测西瓜成熟度提供了参考。     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

基于GIS的安徽省长丰县耕地上草莓适宜性评价研究

以安徽省长丰县为例,利用GIS对长丰县不同耕地中的草莓适宜性进行了评价。通过建立评价基础属性数据库、选择评价因子、确定评价因子的组合权重和隶属度等,得出长丰县不同耕地上草莓适宜性评价的分级方案,并对结果进行了详细分析。利用GIS技术进行草莓适宜性评价研究,可以从宏观上合理布局草莓的种植,实现产量的最大化,为稳产增产提供了科学指导,同时也能为土地管理和规划提供科学的量化依据。     

一种测定土壤崩解动态的方法

土壤崩解性是土壤抗侵蚀能力研究的重要内容。蒋定生设计的土壤崩解仪,极大地促进了土壤崩解研究进程,但在实际应用中,存在浮筒校正难、不能完全反映土壤崩解的动态过程等问题。针对原有测试方法中存在的局限性,本文在北川震裂带土壤抗侵蚀能力测试研究中,提出了一种改进的土壤崩解性测试方法,改进后的测试方法操作简单、应用范围广,且能比较准确地反映整个崩解动态过程,崩解系数计算物理意义明确,并且可以根据实验需求设置相应的测试精度。     

Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.