柑橘炭疽病高效杀菌剂的筛选及抗药性菌株的发现

采用生长速率法,用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂(WP)、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂(WG)、45%咪鲜胺水乳剂(EW)和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂(FW)5种杀菌剂对来自广东不同地区和不同柑橘品种的10个柑橘炭疽病菌菌株进行了毒力测定.结果表明,咪鲜胺对柑橘炭疽病菌具有最好的抑制效果,其次是苯醚甲环唑;所有供试菌株对嘧菌酯和代森锰锌都具有一定程度的抗药性;不同地区的菌株对多菌灵的敏感性存在明显的差异,其中菌株CCMZ035、CCMZ004、CCST003和CCST026对多菌灵表现出很强的耐药性(抗药性).因此,咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑可作为防治柑橘炭疽病的首选药剂.     

杀虫双对杜氏盐藻生长和生理生化的影响

以一种具有环境耐性的单细胞绿藻杜氏盐藻Dunaliella salina作为受试生物,检测一种杀虫剂杀虫双的毒性作用,试验中检测了杀虫双对杜氏盐藻细胞生长、单细胞β胡萝卜素质量、细胞形态变化及超氧化物歧化酶(Super-oxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,当杀虫双质量浓度小于0.5 mg.L-1时,细胞的毒性响应与对照的变化趋势类似.当使用1.0～4.0 mg.L-1杀虫双处理盐藻,处理初期细胞生长缓慢和单细胞β胡萝卜素质量降低,一段时间后恢复.当杀虫双质量浓度大于5.0 mg.L-1,细胞生长速度和单细胞β胡萝卜素质量都会一直降低直至检测不到.杀虫双对杜氏盐藻的10 d IC50为32 mg.L-1.试验发现在低浓度下杀虫双会刺激CAT活性的增长.     

毒死蜱对大鳞副泥鳅的急性毒性及遗传毒性研究

为了估测毒死蜱的环境毒性,以大鳞副泥鳅为试验动物,设置毒死蜱对其急性毒性和遗传毒性试验,研究毒死蜱对大鳞副泥鳅的半数致死质量浓度(LC50)和红细胞DNA的损伤程度。结果表明:毒死蜱对大鳞副泥鳅24、48、96h的LC50分别为524.76、291.53、193.20μg/L,安全质量浓度(SC)为26.99μg/L;试验各组(毒死蜱质量浓度分别为26.99、45.11、63.23μg/L)的红细胞微核率均高于空白对照组,其最高微核率出现在最高剂量组(63.23μg/L)染毒后的第6天,为4.111‰,微核率与毒死蜱质量浓度和染毒时间呈正相关。毒死蜱具有较强的环境毒性,并表现出明显的时间-剂量效应。     

5种药剂对2株立枯丝核菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法,在室内测定了w=25%丙环唑、w=12.5%戊唑醇、w=80%乙蒜素、w=25%咪鲜胺和w=5%井冈霉素5种杀菌剂对R-HKB和R-DZC两株立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的毒力。结果表明:丙环唑对R-HKB的毒力和戊唑醇对R-DZC的毒力均最大,其EC50值分别为0.0132mg·L-1和0.4131mg·L-1;井冈霉素对R-HKB和R-DZC的毒力均最小,其EC50值分别为714.4948mg·L-1和663.4171mg·L-1。其毒力倍数分别比丙环唑和戊唑醇小(54128.4倍和1606.0倍)。提示:丙环唑和戊唑醇对R-HKB和R-DZC两株立枯丝核菌有很好的抑制效果。     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach

Summary The aim of this study was to provide manageable data to help establish permissible limits for the pollution of soil by heavy metals. Therefore the short-and long-term effects of heavy metal pollution on phosphatase activity was studied in five different soil types. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. It was possible to construct a curve for sand and silty loam soil but it was more difficult to establish a curve for sandy loam and clay soil and nearly impossible (except for Cu) for peat. The toxicity of the various metals can be compared on the basis of mmol values. In clay soils, for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn, the 50% effective ecological dose (ED₅₀) values were comparable (approximately 45 mmol kg^–1), but the ED₁₀ values were very different, at 7.4, 41.4, 15.1, and 0.55, respectively. At the ED₅₀ value, toxicity did not decrease with time and, in sandy soils, was approximately 2.6 mmol kg ^–1 dry soil for Cd, Cu, and Zn. In four out of five soils, the Cd toxicity was higher 1.5 years after the addition of heavy metal salts than after 6 weeks. Toxicity was least in the sandy loam, silty loam, and clay soil, and varied in general between 12 and 88 mmol kg^–1. In setting limits, the criteria selected (no-effect level, ED₁₀ or ED₅₀) determine the concentration and also the toxicity of the sequence. It is suggested that the data presented here could be very useful in helping to set permissible limits for heavy metal soil pollution.     

林木对铝的耐性机理研究进展

在酸性土壤中,铝对林木的毒害是限制林木生长、降低林木生产力、进而导致森林退化的主要因素之一。目前,国内外在林木铝毒害及耐铝机制方面已有较多的研究,但关于林木耐铝的生理和分子机制的综述性报道很少。文中综述了近年来林木对铝的富集、铝对林木生理和分子水平上的毒害等方面的研究进展,总结了林木耐铝的生理机制和分子机制,简要介绍了外源添加物对林木耐铝毒的调控机制,提出了今后有关林木铝毒需进一步研究的重点,以期为林木铝毒的深入研究提供参考以及为缓解我国酸性土壤林木铝毒害及森林的健康持续经营提供参考。     

水体常见喹诺酮类抗生素对发光菌的毒性作用

以明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)为受试生物,研究3种水体常见的喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)对其的单一毒性和联合毒性作用,并基于毒性单位法、相加指数法和混合毒性指数法等联合作用评价方法,对混合体系的联合毒性作用类型进行分析。结果表明,不同的评价方法对3种QNs的联合效应评价结果具有较好的一致性,联合毒性作用类型均表现为不同程度的拮抗作用。根据发光菌发光原理和QNs分子结构不同,可对联合毒性作用的机理进行初步探讨。多种QNs混合体系的联合毒性作用呈现出以拮抗效应为主,揭示了此类医药品在环境中联合使用时可导致药效的降低或引发微生物耐药性的传播。     

马铃薯干腐病室内药剂筛选及防病研究

采用生长速率法测定了咯菌腈、苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、氰烯菌酯和恶霉灵6种杀菌剂对4种马铃薯干腐病菌的室内毒力。结果表明,不同种类镰刀菌对药剂的敏感性存在差异。对4种镰刀菌抑制作用最强的药剂均为咪鲜胺,EC_(50)值范围为0.010~0.057μg/m L;氰烯菌酯对接骨木镰刀菌菌丝生长无抑制作用;而恶霉灵的抑菌作用普遍较差,EC_(50)值为9.340~64.408μg/m L;其他4种药剂效果较好。对接菌薯块进行药剂处理可抑制病斑横向扩展及病原菌纵向侵入,但不同杀菌剂防效不同。苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇效果较佳。     

九种杀虫剂防治苏铁小灰蝶的药效试验

为了筛选控制苏铁小灰蝶(Chilades pandava)的有效药剂,通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验研究9种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶的防治效果。结果表明,48%毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液、90%晶体敌百虫1 000倍液、2%甲维盐(甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐)微乳剂1 500倍液和20%康宽(氯虫苯甲酰胺)悬浮剂3 000倍液室内施药后72 h对苏铁小灰蝶3龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别达到100.00%、95.00%、93.35%、100.00%,田间施药后1、3、7 d,4种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶的虫口减退率和田间防治效果均在90%以上。其次是2.5%功夫(高效氯氟氰菊酯)微乳剂3 000倍液、2.5%劲彪(高效氯氟氰菊酯)乳油3 000倍液、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 000倍液、10%除尽(虫螨腈)悬浮剂1 500倍液也表现出良好的杀虫效果,室内施药后72 h,4种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶3龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别达88.35%、80.00%、88.35%、85.00%;田间施药后3、7 d,4种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶的虫口减退率和防治效果均达80%以上;2.5%敌杀死(溴氰菊酯)乳油杀虫效果最差,室内施药后72 h,对苏铁小灰蝶3龄幼虫的校正死亡率为78.35%,田间施药后1、3、7 d,对苏铁小灰蝶的虫口减退率和防治效果均在70%以下。     

Cadmium‐induced changes in glutathione and phenolics of Thlaspi and Noccaea species differing in Cd accumulation

Glutathione (GSH) and phenolics play an important role in plant defense against metal‐ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity and metal‐binding capacity of these compounds can account for the protective effects. In contrast to animal‐cell models, however, the possible interplay among these substances in stress defense of plants is poorly investigated. This study compares the influence of cadmium (Cd) on the profiles of both soluble phenolics and GSH in shoots of different Thlaspi and Noccaea species: two ecotypes of the nonhyperaccumulator T. arvense differing in Cd resistance (ecotype Aigues Vives, Cd‐sensitive, and ecotype Jena, Cd‐resistant) and two Cd‐tolerant Cd‐Zn hyperaccumulators N. praecox and N. caerulescens (formerly Thlaspi praecox and T. caerulescens). To reveal the possible influence of Cd‐induced sulfur (S) shortage on the stress response, plants receiving normal S concentrations (500 μM MgSO₄) and plants treated with surplus S (500 μM MgSO₄ + 500 μM K₂SO₄) were analyzed. Our working hypothesis was that species differences in tolerance to high tissue Cd concentrations should be reflected by differences in endogenous levels of GSH and phenolic compounds. The results reveal clear species‐dependent differences in both the constitutive patterns and the Cd‐ and S‐induced changes in shoot concentrations of GSH and phenolics. However, no simple relationship between these shoot concentrations and Cd accumulation and tolerance can be established.