Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

Migrant labour and the politics of scale: gendering the Philippine state

The purpose of this paper is to situate the study of international labour migration, and especially the policies of labour export, within a gendered geopolitical framework. In so doing I open avenues of inquiry into the complexities of political ideologies that guide state apparatuses. Specifically, I examine how the Philippine state negotiates and operates within contradictory capitalist spaces through discourses of scale. Spatial scales are politically and socially constructed to legitimise power relations and to justify particular policies and programmes. In its support of capital accumulation, the Philippine state tends to adopt a discourse of globalisation; when confronted with charges of migrant exploitation, the Philippine state couples a discourse of the global with a discourse of the body. This corporeal discourse attempts to deflect attention and criticism away from the state, thereby maintaining its political hegemony.     

棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1 Ac)抗性品系的选育

1 997～2000年,用含Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的人工饲料对来自本所试验棉田的棉铃虫经过室内21代中16代次的筛选,筛选后F19代LC50值(4.3646g@L1)比筛选前F2代LC50值(0.2972 g@L-1)提高了14.7倍.试验还发现雌性棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白的敏感性大于雄性.对Bt毒蛋白抗性品系筛选前后分别测定了其不同菌系(商品制剂Dipel和Xentari)的剂量-死亡率回归线,发现Bt毒蛋白抗性品系与其不同菌系间不存在明显的交互抗性.     

对Bt毒蛋白不同抗性水平棉铃虫品系的生物学研究

用对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)具有一定抗性水平的安阳品系和相对敏感的新疆品系棉铃虫进行Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的室内毒力测定结果表明,两品系的LC50值分别为8.7645g·L 1和0.2547g·L 1,前者是后者的34.4倍。用转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所29和常规棉花品种中棉所35蕾期的倒3叶饲养安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫的初孵幼虫(孵化后24h),结果表明:两个棉铃虫品系在取食抗虫棉后的累计校正死亡率在1～2d内差异不明显;新疆品系棉铃虫在转Bt基因抗虫棉上发育的最高龄期为4龄,其比率为6.7%;而安阳品系部分棉铃虫能够在转Bt基因抗虫棉上完成生长发育,其4龄幼虫的比率为45.5%,5、6龄幼虫的比率分别为12.6%和3.8%,有1.6%的幼虫能够正常化蛹;用常规棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫各龄幼虫的发育历期差异不显著,而用转Bt基因抗虫棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期与新疆品系虽然差异不显著,但前者的发育历期均短于后者。     

肉制品加工过程中的有毒有害成分分析

从我国食品安全现状的分析入手,着重关注我国肉制品的安全发展现状及其加工生产过程中有毒有害物质。通过查阅相关资料研究发现:随着肉制品生产工艺和技术的不断发展,使得肉制品质量安全存在一定的隐患,肉制品中有毒有害物质以苯并(a)芘为代表。对肉制品中的有毒有害物质检测方法的分析对比得出:采用高效液相色谱检测苯并(a)芘,具有灵敏度高、分析时间短、分离效率高等优点。     

对食用植物中天然毒素的初探

概述了食用有毒植物的种类,食用植物中天然毒素的种类及毒理特性,介绍了生活中常见食用植物中毒的症状及预防措施,为防止食物中毒,具有重要的现实意义。     

4种常用农药对2种天敌蝽的药害影响

笔者探究了4种不同农药对两种蝽的药害影响,结果表明：氯氰、辛硫磷、吡虫啉、氰戊菊杀虫剂对2种蝽（蠋蝽和一种益蝽）皆有较强药害,释放于自然环境后该2种天敌蝽存活与繁殖受到明显抑制;除草剂类农药虽然对2种天敌蝽没有直接药害影响,但施用除草剂后对自然环境中的农作物具有毒性作用,2种蝽的存活与繁殖同样受到影响。因此,要2种蝽在自然环境中得以较好生存与自然繁殖,必须规范释放地区的农药管理,加强绿色环保理念教育与引导,才能建设稳定的立体生防系统。     

作物害虫的猖獗与高毒农药的"倾泻"的治理对策

阐述了我国农作物害虫发生现状及化学农药防治的现状，分析了作物害虫猖獗与高毒农药“倾泻”的原因与发展，提出了防止作物害虫猖獗和高毒农药“倾泻”的5条对策，即做好高毒农药危害性的宣传工作，提高农民禁用、限用高毒农药的自觉性；调整农药产品结构，大力发展生物农药；生物农药与化学农药复配，促使高毒农药低毒化；推广转基因作物；推广使用高效、高选择性、低毒、低用量、安全农药。     

壬基酚对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性效应

为评价水体中低浓度壬基酚（NP）对中华大蟾蜍（Bufo bufogargarizans）蝌蚪的毒性效应,采用室内饲养、测定方法,研究了NP在不同暴露时间（8、16、24、32d）,不同浓度（0.002、0.005、0.010mg·L-1）条件下,对蝌蚪生长发育、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和DNA损伤的影响。结果表明：暴露于0.010mg·L-1NP的蝌蚪,其生长发育被极显著抑制（P〈0.01）;CAT活性在两个较低浓度组（0.002、0.005mg·L-1）表现为先诱导后恢复,在0.010mg·L-1浓度组表现为诱导-恢复-诱导（P〈0.05）;MDA含量在两个较低浓度组（0.002、0.005mg·L-1）持续升高（P〈0.05）,呈明显的时间-效应关系;各处理组DNA损伤水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,但随暴露时间的延长而有所下降,具有一定的剂量-效应关系。总之,即使水体中的NP符合灌溉标准,也可能抑制蝌蚪的生长发育,并对其造成氧化损伤和遗传损伤。     

Irrigation with plant extracts in ecofarming increases biomass production and mineral and organic nitrogen content of plants

Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot (PE, 9.84 g dry weight l^–1) or a solution of Ca, K, Mg, P, and NO₃‐N salts (SS) in a concentration similar to that in PE, for 31–48 days. In comparison to water‐irrigated controls, both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %), whereas PE‐treated plants had higher fresh weights (38–84 %) due to increased succulence. Treatment with SS did not enhance, but sometimes even reduce, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elements in shoot tissues. In contrast, PE‐treated plants had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents and were thus of higher nutritive value. Reduced contents of metals in plant tissue correlated with their reduced solubility in the soil solution, which was not due to changes in pH. Fertilizer components such as K and Mg (metals of lower exchange intensity) were incorporated into the soil to release Ca, Sr, and Ba (metals of higher exchange intensity) and reduce the solubility of most trace elements and metal‐complexing humic substances. In addition, application of Ca precipitated heavy metals and humic complexes directly from the soil solution. This effect was partially overcome by PE. Its carboxylic acids could act as phytochelators of metal ions and as mobilizers of the highly diffusible humic substances which carry metals to roots. It is concluded that continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO₃‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals to the plant‐soil system.