植物修复农田退水氮、磷污染研究进展

水环境污染是造成全球水资源水质性紧缺非常重要的因素。农业面源污染则是继工业源污染实施清洁生产得到有效治理之后水体污染主要的贡献者,特别是地表水中过量氮、磷的主要来源,受到越来越多的关注和重视。植物修复技术因其可以对受污染水体进行原位修复和避免二次污染等特点,逐渐被人们应用到污染水体的治理中。本文从植物修复农田退水氮、磷污染视角,综述了农田退水氮、磷在主要去除途径与影响因素方面所取得的研究进展,并针对植物修复农田退水实践中存在的问题,提出了继续强化植物组合对水污染负荷消减能力的研究,进一步扩展对植物的经济利用价值、生态景观价值和社会效益开展研究,以及深化植物修复从室内模拟到野外小区域示范、再到大区域的推广应用研究等建议,以期为进一步提升治理农田面源污染效果提供技术支撑。     

磷素水平对不同大豆品种叶片及子粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响

盆栽试验选用东农42（高蛋白品种）、合丰25（中间型品种）、东农46（高油品种）3个基因型大豆品种,在每千克土壤施N和K2O各为0.033g基础上,设P0、P5、P10、P15 4个P处理（即每kg土壤分别施P2O5 0、0.033、0.067、0.100g）,研究了不同磷素水平对大豆生育期功能叶片及子粒谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性的影响。结果表明,东农42和合丰25均为P10处理功能叶片和子粒GS活性最高;东农46为P10处理功能叶片GS活性最高,P5处理子粒GS活性最高。同一处理不同品种间东农42功能叶片和子粒GS活性最高,东农46最低,合丰25处于二者之间;3个品种不同处理功能叶片GS活性最高值均出现在结荚期,东农42子粒GS活性处于高值时间较长,东农46最短,合丰25处于二者之间。施磷对3个大豆品种叶片及子粒GS活性有影响,适宜的施磷量有利于提高其活性。     

长江中下游浅水湖沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究

对长江中下游7个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)测定了其中的总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷和钙磷等5个部份,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与沉积物理化性质如总氮、有机质、主要氧化物组成之间的相关性.结果表明,研究区域内,表层沉积物总磷含量在217.8～3 337.2mg·kg-1之间,城市湖泊总磷含量总体上高于太湖等五大淡水湖;表层沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,前者占总磷的比例多数处于60%～80%之间;从各形态磷含量的变化范围来看,Fe/Al-P＞OP＞Ca-P,而从百分含量的变化范围来看,则是Fe/Al-P＞Ca-P＞OP.表层沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自Fe-P部分,其次来自OP部分;OP含量与Ca-P和Fe/Al-P的含量均有较好的正相关关系,而Ca-P与Fe/Al-P只有很弱的相关性.TN、有机质含量与OP、TP、Ca-P和Fe/Al-P均呈极显著正相关.TFe2O3与Fe/Al-P、TP、OP呈极显著正相关,而与Ca-P的相关性较弱;CaO与Ca-P呈极显著正相关,与OP有一定的正相关,与其他形态的磷则没有或只有微弱的相关性.     

贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度草地土壤氮特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段(西坡)及山前地带不同海拔下的草地为研究对象,分析不同海拔梯度下草地土壤全氮的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系.结果表明,土壤全氮含量随海拔的降低而逐渐降低,在典型草原中沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,在高寒草甸、荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠0～20与20～40 cm土层中差异不显著,但高于40～60 cm土层.在海拔1 360～1 380 m草原化荒漠的5个样地上,由于放牧利用程度和植被类型的不同,0～20 cm土层土壤氮的含量变幅在0.022 8%～0.034 7%.0～20,20～40和40～60 cm土层土壤全氮含量与年降水量、植被盖度、草地生产力、土壤含水量、有机碳含量和<0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关,与年均温、土壤pH值呈极显著负相关(P<0.001).偏相关分析显示,影响0～20 cm土层全氮(TN)含量最主要的因素是植被盖度(C)和年降水量(AP),相关方程是TN%=0.002 040 C 0.000 585 AP-0.076 800;而影响20～40 cm土层全氮含量的最主要因素是草地生产力(B),与土壤全氮回归方程为TN%=0.001 6 B 0.024 7.而各环境因素中影响土壤全氮含量最主要的因素,0～20 cm土层为土壤有机碳和年降水量,20～40 cm土层主要受土壤有机碳的影响.     

Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany

Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed.     

缺磷胁迫对温州蜜柑光合作用的光抑制研究（一）

 经缺磷处理后,温州蜜柑叶片的表观量子效率（AQY）,最大荧光（Fm）,光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,光量子产量（Y）和电子传递速率（ETR）下降,而初始荧光（Fo）上升。净光合速率（Pn）和光呼吸速率（Pr）均下降。但Pr/Pn比值升高。表明缺磷处理后,温州蜜柑更易发生光合作用的光抑制。     

湿地生态系统磷迁移转化机制研究进展

磷在湿地生态系统中的生物地球化学行为备受关注。湿地土壤以有机磷(OP)为主,无机磷(IP)为辅。铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)是IP的主要组分,钙镁结合态磷(Ca/Mg-P)惰性最强。OP因与土壤成分固定程度较低,更易在土壤中移动,而成为优于总磷(TP)可指示水体富营养化程度的指标。土壤酸碱度、温度、有机质含量、干湿交替和C∶N∶P是影响湿地生态系统磷生物地球化学循环过程的关键环境因素。耕地恢复为湿地后,湿地土壤TP含量基本呈升高趋势。速效磷(A-P)因对土壤理化性质的改变比较敏感,不同区域研究结果差异较大。随着退耕年限的延长,湿地土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)和吸附常数(K)逐渐升高;但退耕初期,湿地土壤对磷的解吸率较高,可能会造成周边水域水体富营养化。     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

Effective alleviation of Cd stress to microbial communities in mining reclamation soils by thiourea-modified biochar amendment

Reclaimed soils in mining area usually display low fertility and present Cd stress. The amendment of modified biochar effectively fixes Cd in soils,enhances soil fertility, and reduces Cd stress in soil microorganisms. However, the effect of thiourea-modified biochar(TBC) on microbial adaptability to Cd stress in mining reclamation soils is still unclear. The present work studied the Cd immobilization and microbial community changes in a mining reclamation soil displaying extreme Cd contaminatio...     

园地主要经济作物氮磷钾与PH相关性研究

为了解古田县果园作物土壤氮、磷、钾养分状况,探讨了果园土壤氮、磷、钾含量与土壤pH值之间的关系。结果表明,古田县园地土壤pH的平均值为5.07,处于酸性水平;全氮的含量均值为1.20g/kg,总体处于中等水平;供试园地土壤碱解氮均值为143.4mg/kg,处于中等水平;供试土壤有效磷均值为29.90mg/kg,处于丰富水平;速效钾含量均值为59.2mg/kg,处于严重缺乏水平。土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分状况与土壤中的pH值呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,改良土壤酸度是供试果园土壤改善氮、磷、钾养分供应的主要措施。