控释氮肥全量基施对宁夏引黄灌区水稻氮素利用效率和淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了控释氮肥全量基施对宁夏水稻产量、氮素利用效率和淋洗损失的影响,为控释氮肥全量基施技术在宁夏引黄灌区应用提供技术依据。以宁粳50号水稻品种为研究对象,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,参考农民常规施肥(FP)施氮量,设置了4个控释氮肥减量施用处理:控释氮肥135 kg/hm~2(C-135)、控释氮肥180 kg/hm~2(C-180)、控释氮肥225 kghm~2(C-225)和控释氮肥270 kg/hm~2(C-270)。对水稻产量、氮素吸收和利用效率、水稻生育期不同深度淋溶水浓度和淋失量进行测定和分析。结果表明:C-180处理和C-225处理在氮肥用量分别降低了25%和40%的条件下,水稻籽粒产量没有降低,原因在于提高了水稻的有效穗数和穗粒数。与FP比较,控释氮肥施氮量控制在270 kg/hm~2以下时,控释氮肥全量施用各处理氮肥利用率显著提高,C-135、C-180、C-225处理氮肥利用率分别比FP处理提高了10.22,11.10,12.75个百分点。控释氮肥各处理水稻生育期内田面水和不同土体深度淋溶水中的TN浓度均低于FP处理,且延迟了田面水中TN浓度峰值出现的时间,减少了因稻田排水和径流导致的氮素损失。FP处理全生育期氮素淋洗损失总量为24.57 kg/hm~2,控释氮肥各处理素淋洗损失总量在11.54～17.35 kg/hm~2,其中C-180,C-225处理总氮淋失量分别比常规施肥降低了46.17%和49.40%。综合考虑水稻产量和氮素损失因素,宁夏水稻控释氮肥全量基施适宜施氮量在180～225 kg/hm~2。     

调亏灌溉对冬小麦产量和品质及其关系的调控效应

在大型启闭式防雨棚条件下,采用筒栽土培法,以专用型冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试验材料,就调亏灌溉(regulated deficit irrigation,RDI)对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状及其关系的影响进行了试验研究,旨在寻求适宜的水分调亏阶段(时期)和调节亏水度,为建立节水高产优质冬小麦RDI模式与指标提供技术参数。筒栽试验采用二因素(水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度)随机区组设计,冬小麦设置3个水分调亏阶段:返青-拔节(I)、拔节-抽穗(II)、抽穗-成熟(III);每个调亏阶段设置3个水分调亏程度:轻度调亏(L)、中度调亏(M)和重度调亏(S),土壤相对含水率(绝对含水率占田间最大持水率的百分数)分别为60%~65%,50%~55%,40%~45%。结果表明:小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与土壤含水量并非总是呈负相关关系,不同生育阶段控水对蛋白质含量的影响存在明显差异性,小麦蛋白质含量仅与拔节-抽穗期土壤相对含水量呈负相关关系。在小麦拔节以前施加轻度(60%~65%)或中度(50%~55%)水分调亏,籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氨基酸产量等不会显著降低,甚或略有增产,重度(40%~45%)调亏会导致显著减产;拔节-抽穗期,即使是轻度调亏也会导致显著减产;灌浆期轻度调亏不会导致籽粒和蛋白质产量显著减少,而氨基酸产量略有增加,并且节水效果显著。小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质含量并非总是存在显著的负相关性,在一定条件下可以减弱或改变这种关系;小麦籽粒产量与品质性状间的关系在不同阶段RDI条件下存在显著差异性。据此认为,高产与优质的矛盾并非不可协调,初步证实了RDI提高小麦籽粒品质效应的真实存在和在小麦生产中以水调质的可行性。     

局部涂抹纳米碳与尿素溶液对桃树梢叶生长及氮素吸收、分配的影响

以7年生的鲁星油桃为试材,采用15 N同位素示踪技术进行田间涂抹试验,研究不同浓度纳米碳与相同浓度尿素溶液(0μg/mL+0.2%,50μg/mL+0.2%,100μg/mL+0.2%,200μg/mL+0.2%,分别以CK、NC50、NC100、NC200表示)涂抹部分叶片对桃树局部梢叶生长、氮素吸收及分配的影响,以期为桃树栽培过程中施用碳纳米提供新的思路和有益的参考。结果表明:与对照相比,施用纳米碳后桃树涂抹叶片单叶面积明显增加,叶绿素含量显著提高,NC200处理下叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度比对照提高了15.8%,30.0%,12.4%;纳米碳的施用提高了桃树新梢的干物质积累量,NC100、NC200处理比对照增加了10.5%和12.9%,提高了新梢各部位的全氮含量;高浓度的纳米碳(NC200处理)提高了新生器官对氮素的吸收征调能力(Ndff值);随纳米碳浓度的增大氮素的利用效率显著提高,NC50、NC100、NC200处理的氮素利用率比对照提高了13.6%,29.5%,40.0%;此外,新生嫩叶部分以NC200处理的氮素分配率最高,达19.55%,NC50、NC100、NC200处理氮素分配率比对照提高了4.5%,16.2%,17.1%,差异显著。以上结果表明,纳米碳能够促进新梢叶片对氮素的吸收利用,有效提高叶绿素含量、光合作用效率及新梢局部氮素利用率,影响氮素在梢叶各部位间的分配,促进氮素向生长中心(新生嫩叶)的转移。     

Development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to detect avian influenza viruses in clinical specimens

In recent years, the avian influenza has brought not only serious economic loss to the poultry industry in China but also a serious threat to human health because of the avian influenza virus(AIV) gene recombination and reassortment. Until now, traditional RT-PCR, fluorescence RT-PCR and virus isolation identification have been developed and utilized to detect AIV, but these methods require high-level instruments and experimental conditions, not suitable for the rapid detection in field and farms. In order to develop a rapid, sensitive and practical method to detect and identify AIV subtypes, 4 specific primers to the conserved region of AIV M gene were designed and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP) method was established. Using this method, the M gene of H1–H16 subtypes of AIV were amplified in 30 min with a water bath and all 16 H subtypes of AIV were able to be visually identified in presence of fluorescein, without cross reaction with other susceptible avian viruses. In addition, the detection limit of the common H1, H5, H7, and H9 AIV subtypes with the RT-LAMP method was 0.1 PFU(plaque-forming unit), which was 10 times more sensitive than that using the routine RT-PCR. Further comparative tests found that the positivity rate of RT-LAMP on detecting clinical samples was 4.18%(14/335) comparing with 3.58%(12/335) from real-time RT-PCR. All these results suggested that the RT-LAMP method can specifically detect and identify AIV with high sensitivity and can be considered as a fast, convenient and practical method for the clinic test and epidemiological investigation of AIV.     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

东北地区春玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线的建立和验证

过量施氮是目前玉米栽培中存在的普遍现象,基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线计算得出的氮营养指数是诊断氮营养丰缺的重要手段。基于东北地区4个生态点的试验数据,构建了东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,并在此基础上建立了氮营养指数模型和需氮量模型,结果表明,东北地区春玉米地上部临界氮浓度与生物量符合幂函数关系。利用独立试验资料对建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线进行检验,发现基于临界氮浓度稀释模型计算的氮营养指数可以准确诊断玉米植株的氮营养状况,并计算出实时的氮素需求量。该研究建立的东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释模型可以为该地区春玉米的氮营养诊断和动态调控提供较好的理论和技术指导。     

高盐环境下Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系氧化降解效能研究

鉴于亚硫酸盐处理含Cr(VI)废水时会产生氧化性极强的硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基,使得亚硫酸盐的消耗量增加,为提高亚硫酸盐的利用率并将产生的活性自由基加以利用,选取了常见的偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)作为目标有机污染物用以捕获产生的活性自由基,以达到含Cr(VI)废水和有机污染废水协同处理的目的。通过紫外可见吸收光谱法和显色法测定AO7、Cr(VI)和亚硫酸盐等各反应物的浓度变化,采用自由基捕获方法鉴定反应中的活性氧化物种。结果表明,Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系能够在降解AO7的同时,将Cr(VI)转化为Cr(III), S(IV)氧化为硫酸根离子。在[Na2SO3]0=0.5 mM、[Cr6+]0=0.1 mM、pH=3.0条件下,Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系对AO7的降解效果最好,反应60 min后,AO7降解率和Cr(VI)的还原率分别为86.1%和82.0%,且氯离子的加入几乎无影响。在反应体系中加入0.1 mM乙醇或叔丁醇后,AO7的降解受到不同程度影响,在Cl?= 0/300 mM条件下,AO7的降解率分别变为56.6%/71.7%和80.7%/81.5%,证明该体系中的主要氧化物为SO4?? 和?OH,且起主要作用的是SO4??。AO7降解实验、可吸附卤代物(AOX)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结果表明,Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系在高盐环境下能保持较高的降解效率,且不会增加氯代二次产物的生成,这种新型的氧化降解体系有望在高盐工业废水处理中得到应用。     

2018年中国部分地区猪瘟病毒2.1d亚型新流行株的基因组特征分析

为了解中国猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）的分子流行病学及遗传变异情况,本研究应用RT-PCR方法对2018年采集自河南、河北、山东、黑龙江和辽宁5个省份的350份疑似CSFV感染的病料进行E2和NS5B基因扩增,并对PCR产物进行测序和序列分析。结果显示,350份样品中21份为CSFV阳性,共获得14株CSFV的E2基因序列和7株CSFV的部分NS5B基因序列。E2全基因、NS5B部分基因序列分析表明,21份阳性样品均属于近年来在中国流行的CSFV 2.1d亚型,且新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV与中国较早2.1d亚型CSFV毒株间同源性差异不大,新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV分离株在E2基因的6个氨基酸（R³¹、S³⁴、W¹⁸²、K²⁰⁵、K³⁰³、A³³¹）上具有相同的分子特征,E2蛋白中15个位点上的半胱氨酸均未发生变异。韩国2.1d亚型CSFV在E2蛋白上具有3个独特的氨基酸（N⁹⁷、K¹⁵⁹、R²⁰⁵）特征,并且发现了韩国毒株YC11WB可能作为2.1b和2.1d亚型CSFV过渡毒株的证据,流行于中国和韩国的2.1d亚型CSFV可能分别来自于本国早期2.1b亚型CSFV的衍化。本研究证实,2018年中国及周边国家CSFV较为活跃,且流行毒株依然以2.1d亚型为主,为中国科学防控CSFV提供了依据。     

用于作物表型信息边缘计算采集的认知无线传感器网络分簇路由算法

随着无线终端数量的快速增长和多媒体图像等高带宽传输业务需求的增加,农业物联网相关领域可预见地会出现无线频谱资源紧缺问题。针对基于传统物联网的作物表型信息采集系统中存在由于节点密集部署导致数据传输过程容易出现频谱竞争、数据拥堵的现象以及固定电池的网络由于能耗不均衡引起监测周期缩减等诸多问题,本研究建立了一个认知无线传感器网络（CRSN）作物表型信息采集模型,并针对模型提出一种引入边缘计算机制的动态频谱和能耗均衡（DSEB）的事件驱动分簇路由算法。算法包括：（1）动态频谱感知分簇,采用层次聚类算法结合频谱感知获取的可用信道、节点间的距离、剩余能量和邻居节点度为相似度对被监控区域内的节点进行聚类分簇并选取簇头,构建分簇拓扑的过程对各分簇大小的均衡性引入奖励和惩罚因子,提升网络各分簇平均频谱利用率;（2）融入边缘计算的事件触发数据路由,根据构建的分簇拓扑结构,将待检测各区域变化异常表型信息触发事件以簇内汇聚和簇间中继交替迭代方式转发至汇聚节点,簇内汇聚包括直传和簇内中继,簇间中继包括主网关节点和次网关节点-主网关节点两种情况;（3）基于频谱变化和通信服务质量（QoS）的自适应重新分簇：基于主用户行为变化引起的可用信道改变,或分簇效果不佳对通信服务质量产生的干扰,触发CRSN进行自适应重新分簇。此外,本研究还提出了一种新的能耗均衡策略去能量消耗中心化（假设sink为中心）,即在网关或簇头节点选取计算式中引入与节点到sink的距离成正比的权重系数。算法仿真结果表明,与采用K-medoid分簇和能量感知的事件驱动分簇(ERP)路由方案相比,在CRSN节点数为定值的前提下,基于DSEB的分簇路由算法在网络生存期与能效等方面均具有一定的改进;在主用户节点数为定值时,所提算法比其它两种算法具有更高频谱利用率。     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.