水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响

为探讨水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响,通过膜下滴灌设施番茄田间定位试验,采用灌水下限(W_1、W_2、W_3)和施氮量(N_1、N_2、N_3)的两因素三水平随机区组设计,研究水氮调控对休耕期0—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响。结果表明,不同水氮调控下,设施土壤有机氮主要是以酸解态氮为主,总体表现酸解态氮大于非酸解态氮含量。土壤有机氮组分在酸解态氮和非酸解态氮中分配比例差异明显。土壤有机氮各组分含量及占全氮比例的大小顺序为氨基酸氮/氨态氮未知氮氨基糖氮。除氨基糖氮,其余酸解态氮各组分和酸解总氮含量及其占全氮比例均随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同土层含量差异显著(P0.05)。土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮含量随土层深度的增加也呈降低趋势,且含量差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。除氨基糖氮,全氮与其他有机氮各组分、酸解总氮间均达到极显著正相关(P0.01);矿质氮仅与酸解氨态氮及酸解总氮的影响达到极显著(P0.01)和显著正相关(P0.05)。灌水下限、施氮量及水氮交互对设施土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮及有机氮组分影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。因此,设施土壤氮素含量的变化与水氮管理模式紧密相关。氨态氮和氨基酸氮是设施土壤中最主要的有机氮形态,是土壤活性氮中的主要组分,亦是土壤供氮潜力的表征。考虑土壤供氮潜力,灌水下限35kPa、施氮量300kg/hm~2为该设施生产下最优的水氮管理措施。     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Tools: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Alternative on Soil Evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique for analyzing a wide variety of samples, thus, the growing interest of using this technique in soil science. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in the soil. NIR spectra from 20 cm³ of soil samples were acquired on the range of 750 to 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode, resolution of 16 cm^?1 and 64 scans. Eight models of calibration/validation were constructed. Calibration and validation models showed that the predictive potential of NIR varied with the specific soil property (OC, TN, P and K) under evaluation and according to the methodology employed in the model construction (cross-validation or test set). Good prediction models were obtained for OC and TN content based on the statistical parameters. Test set methodology was able to predict soil OC, TN, P, and K better than cross-validation methodology.     

Comparison of multivariate models and variable selection algorithms for rapid analysis of the chemical composition of field crops

This study evaluates the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid prediction of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in field crop samples. Two multivariate models (partial least squares regression and support vector machine regression) were compared. In addition, four spectral variable selection algorithms (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, genetic algorithm, uninformative variable elimination, and variable importance for projection) were applied with support vector machine regression to determine the most accurate predictions. The results showed that support vector machine regression performed better than partial least squares regression for predicting the three chemical compositions. The combination of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling and support vector machine regression outperformed the other models for the predictions of total carbon and total nitrogen with high coefficients of determination of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. For the determination of total phosphorus, the prediction accuracy of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling was comparable with the best result obtained from genetic algorithm with the coefficients of determination of 0.73 and 0.77, respectively. In conclusion, the support vector machine regression combined with competitive adaptive reweighted sampling has great potential to accurately determine the chemical composition of field crops using the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.     

西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶对有机肥营养的响应

有机肥营养对西瓜品质具有提升效果,但根系对有机肥中养分的吸收机制尚不完全清楚,尤其对磷素的利用机制。本研究关注西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性对有机肥施用的响应。采用模拟西瓜根系分泌物的方法研究有机酸对有机肥中可溶性全磷和有效磷含量的影响;采用砂培的方法,研究有机肥中的磷替代化肥磷时西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的响应;采用田间试验研究有机肥替代化肥以及有机肥不同施用量对西瓜根际酸性磷酸酶活性、西瓜磷营养、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,有机肥中水浸提可溶性全磷含量为6.9 g?kg~(-1),可溶性无机磷含量为525.1 mg?kg~(-1),可溶性全磷中无机磷占7.6%,有机磷占92.4%,可溶性有机磷需经过水解后才能被根系吸收。有机肥中磷替代化肥磷时,西瓜根系和根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性均显著提高,西瓜茎、叶中磷含量提高。施用三倍有机肥时西瓜根际土壤有效磷含量和西瓜产量提高。因此,有机肥中磷替代化肥磷时,西瓜通过提高根系分泌酸性磷酸酶的活性而提高利用有机磷的能力。     

分光光度计法测定饲料中总磷的不确定度评定

根据GB/T 6437—2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法中分光光度法测定饲料中总磷含量的测量不确定度进行评定。根据JJF1059—1999测量不确定度评定和表示的要求,分析了该测量过程的测量不确定度来源,建立数学模型,对测量不确定度的各个分量进行计算,最后合成求出标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。该法测定饲料中总磷含量为0.700 1%时,其扩展不确定度为0.006 6%。不确定度最主要的来源是标准溶液的制备和标准曲线的绘制。     

小豆种质资源抗氧化性鉴定与评价

为了鉴定评价出小豆资源抗氧化性高的品种,通过测定小豆的总抗氧化能力和羟自由基清除能力,研究来源于不同地区不同颜色的181个小豆品种的抗氧化性。结果表明,粒色,百粒重和所在地区对小豆抗氧化性有不同程度的影响。通过实验研究最终得出,绿色小豆总抗氧化性最高,黄白颜色次之,红色最低;百粒重与抗氧化性成反比,百粒重越大,抗氧化能力越弱,反之则越大;对其中156个红小豆品种进行比较,东北辽宁地区的红小豆品种总抗氧化能力最高,日本最低,但日本品种的羟自由基清除能力很高。     

响应面法优化提取高粱壳黄酮色素及其抗氧化活性研究

为了优化高粱壳中抗氧化组分黄酮色素提取工艺,提高天然色素产量。以红色高粱壳为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法(response surface methodology,RSM)研究提取时间、液料比、提取温度对高粱壳提取液中黄酮色素质量浓度及其对Fe3+总还原力的影响,并对高粱壳粗提物抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,提取高粱壳中黄酮色素的最佳工艺参数为液料比(mL/g)84.2:1、提取温度73.5℃、提取时间104.4 min。在此条件下提取液中黄酮色素质量浓度为5.7889 g/100 g,总还原力最大为1.0863;高粱黄酮色素质量浓度和总还原力之间存在极显著的线性关系(P<0.01)。同时高粱壳黄酮色素粗提物表现出较强的体外抗氧化作用。     

平房仓横向通风技术在玉米储藏上的应用研究

为了研究平房仓横向通风技术在玉米储藏上的应用效果,明确玉米储藏过程横向通风工艺及其参数,利用高大平房仓中设计安装的横向通风设施,以及在储藏玉米粮堆中预埋的插入式毕托管,对高大平房仓横向通风系统进行实仓测试。全面开展了玉米储藏过程中横向通风工艺应用研究,测试了在横向通风系统通风时,风速、风量、系统各部分阻力和粮堆压力分布。研究发现,在储藏玉米的高大平房仓中应用横向通风系统时,粮堆单位粮层阻力较小,在实用单位通风量时,横向通风系统总阻力不大于1200Pa;同时横向通风还具有风量分配均匀、粮堆通风均匀性良好的特点。该研究为玉米在配备横向通风系统的高大平房仓储藏提供了技术支持。     

黄芪多糖水提液流变特性研究

粘度是黄芪多糖提取、加工处理过程中的一个重要参数,溶液温度、黄芪总糖含量、浸提温度是重要影响因素.研究结果表明,粘度随溶液温度升高而降低,粘度越大,温度变化对其影响越显著;黄芪总糖含量低于300mg/mL或高于1000mg/mL时,溶液温度对粘度影响较小;浸提温度超过70℃后,不同粒度物料浸提液的总糖含量未增而粘度明显增大,黄芪多糖浸提温度不宜超过70℃.     

红景天复合饮料抗氧化成分及抗氧化活性研究

研究了以红景天等材料配制饮料的抗氧化功效成分及抗氧化的活性。试验测定了该饮料及配方原料的黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除率和总还原力,同时也测定了饮料对脂质过氧化消除能力。结果表明,该饮料中含有抗氧化黄酮成分,浓缩液中总黄酮含量为3.13 mg/100 mL,还原力相当于VC(83.29μg/mL),DPPH自由基清除率达49%,显示该产品具有的抗氧化功效可起到消除运动疲劳的作用,并具有良好的抗氧化活性。