北京木本植物区系地理分析

根据对北京地区木本植物属的统计分析,结果可划分为14种土理分布类型,以温带分布为主,占区系成分属数的71.7％,其中以北温带分布类型占主导地位;与热带植物区系有一定联系,占区系成分的24.5％;与各大洲植物区系存在着广泛的联系。     

华北落叶松人工林叶内营养元素含量的变异

通过固定标准木、定期采样和化学测定, 分析了华北落叶松人工林叶内营养元素含量随冠向、冠层和生长季节的变化而变化规律 结果表明: 叶的营养元素含量在不同冠向间有一定的差异, 但差异不显著不同冠层间叶的营养元素含量变化有一定的规律, N、P、K由树冠底部到树冠顶部是逐渐增加的, Ca则是逐渐减小, Mg的变化无一定规律 方差分析表明林木不同冠层的N、P、K、Mg含量差异不显著, Ca的含量则差异显著 树冠各层次针叶营养元素含量的平均值与树冠中部针叶的营养元素含量很接近, 建议进行营养元素概算以树冠中部的针叶为样品 华北落叶松人工林叶的营养元素含量随季节的变化而呈现有规律的变化 刚展叶的华北落叶松N、P、K、Mg含量很高, 展叶期明显下降, 之后随季节的变化逐渐下降, 落叶前期显著下降; Ca的含量随季节变化相反, 刚展叶含量很低, 随季节变化一直呈上升趋势, 落叶前达峰值 根据叶的营养元素含量的季节动态和变异规律, 确定的最佳采样时间为7、8月份     

RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS IN FINGERED CITRON LEAF USING NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

In order to provide references for leaf nutrition diagnosis of fingered citron, the technique of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was introduced to analyze nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the dry-leaf samples of fingered citron. The best calibration model for N was developed with high RSQ_CAL (0.90), SD/SECV (2.73) and low SEC (1.06 mg g^?1), good calibration models were obtained for P, K, Fe and Mn, and no significant correlations were found between the spectra and the individual amounts of Zn and Cu. When tested using a validation set (n = 38), N was well predicted with low values of SEP (1.21 mg g^?1) and high RPD (2.5). The values of SEP and RPD were also acceptable for the external validation of P, Fe and Mn. Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technique shows potential of diagnosing minerals in fingered citron, particularly for N, P, Fe and Mn.     

CO2浓度升高对毛竹和四季竹叶片主要养分化学计量特征的影响

运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟大气CO2浓度升高(500、700 μmol/mol),以目前环境背景大气为对照,研究CO2浓度升高对毛竹和四季竹叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)化学计量特征的影响.结果表明,毛竹和四季竹叶片C、N、P和K含量在不同的CO2浓度(对照、500、700 μmol/mol)条件下,变化范围分别为512.13～543.30、19.23～22.97、1.26～0.96和8.40～5.88 mg/g,492.13～498.02、17.97～15.37、1.05 ～0.81和4.25～5.62mg/g.相同的CO2浓度条件下,毛竹叶片C、N、P和K含量均高于四季竹,且受CO2浓度升高的影响较四季竹强烈.毛竹和四季竹叶片C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P、N/K和K/P变化范围分别依次为26.64～23.65、406.58～565.93、60.98～92.40、15.26～23.93、2.29～3.91和7.00～6.22,27.39～32.40、468.70～614.84、115.80～88.61、17.07～18.98、4.24～2.73和4.04～6.94.与环境背景大气比较,CO2浓度升高到500 μmol/mol,对毛竹和四季竹叶片C、N、P和K含量及其化学计量比并不会产生明显影响,这反映了毛竹和四季竹对高CO2浓度环境均表现出较强的适应能力.但CO2浓度升高到700 μ mol/mol,除四季竹叶片C含量无明显变化外,毛竹和四季竹叶片主要养分元素含量及其化学计量比会发生明显的适应性变化,且毛竹较四季竹变化剧烈.综上,CO2浓度升高改变了毛竹和四季竹叶片C、N、P、K含量及其化学计量比格局,尤其是CO2浓度升高到700 μmol/mol时极为明显;在养分供应上,对四季竹生长的N、P、K限制性作用和毛竹生长的N、K限制性作用没有明显影响,但明显增强了毛竹生长的P素限制性作用.     

基于MODIS数据的内蒙古地形因子对火灾分布的影响分析

了解火灾与地形因子的关系是深入研究火灾空间分布格局、火灾风险科学管理的重要前提。本研究基于MOD14A1/MYD14A1热异常产品数据集提取内蒙古2000—2015年的火点信息,结合研究区DEM数据,提取相关地形因子,并在此基础上分析区域尺度背景下的地形因子与火灾分布关系。结果表明:1)采用均值变点分析法,确定内蒙古地形起伏度的最佳统计单元为0.52 km2;2)火灾分布在地形因子的作用下表现出一定的地形梯度性。火点个数随高程的升高呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,而火点个数随坡度和地形起伏度的增大呈现逐渐下降的趋势;3)火点分布最多的高程、坡度、地形起伏度区间分别为80~700 m、0°~7°、1~70 m,火灾多发生在高程低、地形平坦、起伏小的地区,这类区域一般人类活动频繁,为火灾的发生提供了机会;4)在火点分布最多的地形区间内,不同土地利用类型上的火点个数分布排序为草地>耕地>林地>其他类型。      

川北地形过渡带地形因子对土地利用与景观格局变化的影响

[目的]基于地形特征分析不同用地类型时空分布变化,不仅能解释土地利用时空变化规律,并能更进一步为优化土地利用结果,生态环境保护奠定基础。[方法]基于四川省北部江油市2003,2010,2018年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用转移矩阵法,分析不同用地类型之间的转化情况;接着利用地形位指数法、分布指数法,分析地形因子影响下不同用地类型分布指数变化特征;之后利用移动窗口法,探究景观格局中斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数时空变化规律;最后结合双变量空间相关性分析,分析地形因子与景观指数间的空间相关性特征。[结果](1)在2003—2010年期间,水田面积减少最多(减少面积2 238.98 hm~2),建设用地面积增加最多(面积增加3 360.36 hm~2);在2010—2018年期间,水田面积减少1 175.84 hm~2,建设用地面积增加1 614.78 hm~2;2003—2010年期间江油市土地利用的变化量整体高于2010—2018年。(2)北部山区主要由旱地转移为林草地,南部平原地区主要为水田转移为建设用地,中部丘陵区域旱地和水田相互转化强烈。(3)随时间变化,旱地和未利用地优势等级向中地形位等级靠拢;低地形位等级上建设用地、水田和水域优势度逐渐降低,并具有优势等级向较高地形位等级扩展趋势。(4)山区河流沿岸以及山地平原交汇处斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数较高,且呈线性分布;随时间变化,丘陵区域斑块密度增加,主城区附近Shannon多样性指数呈下降趋势。(5)高—高聚集区主要表现为向山地丘陵交汇处聚集;城区附近景观指数因受其他因素影响较多,导致该区域景观指数与地形位指数呈现出不显著相关性。[结论]在地形过渡带区域,不同地貌对于各类用地变化的影响在时空上存在差异性,其地形因子与景观指数的空间相关性差异明显。     

鲆鲽鱼类维生素及微量元素营养需求研究进展

随着海水鱼养殖规模的不断扩大,对鲆鲽鱼类养殖以及其饲料开发的研究也随之增多.对国内外维生素和微量元素研究进展做了系统性的综述,以期为开展鲆鲽鱼类健康养殖和其饲料开发提供借鉴。     

Effect of Salinity Stress and Surfactant Treatment on Physiological Traits and Nutrient Absorption of Fenugreek Plant

Salinity is considered as a major abiotic stress affecting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Surfactants can improve water-use efficiency in saline soils and improve crop yield. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and surfactant treatments on photosynthetic pigments and nutrition elements of fenugreek in the Crop and Soil Science greenhouse at the Pennsylvania State University (University Park, PA, USA) in 2013. The experiment was conducted using a 5 × 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Factor A consisted of five salinity levels [0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ds m^–1 sodium chloride (NaCl)] while factor B consisted of three nonionic surfactant levels (0, 1, and 3 ppm). The results indicated a stepwise reduction in photosynthetic pigments of fenugreek as salt stress increased, however, Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity increased in fenugreek leaves as salinity stress increased. Levels of surfactant application had different effects on nutrient uptake. Some nutrient elements such as sodium, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and zinc content increased while others decreased at high salinity conditions. Surfactant application rate of 3 ppm at moderate and high salinity levels and 1 ppm at lower salinity levels had a good performance in enhancing the total photosynthetic and carotenoid activities in fenugreek.     

Leaf chlorophyll content as a possible diagnostic mean for the evaluation of plant nitrogen uptake from the soil

The influence of temperature, irradiance, and soil humidity on the nitrogen (N) concentration in some organs, chlorophyll in the leaves, N uptake and accumulation of dry matter in plants of winter wheat was investigated. In the plants grown under equal initial N supplement but in contrasting conditions of the evironment, the correlation between concentration of total N and chlorophyll in the leaves was absent. No interrelationship was found between concentration of total N in the leaves and accumulation of N and dry matter in the whole plants. There is a close correlation between chlorophyll in the leaves, accumulation of total N, and dry matter of the whole plant. It was concluded that chlorophyll is a more stable informative parameter for the estimation of the N uptake from the soil under different growth conditions than leaf N concentration.     

Examination of thermal and acid hydrolysis procedures in characterization of soil organic matter

Abstract

Differential thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and stepwise thermogravimetry (STG), together with two acid hydrolysis methods (hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid in a single step, and hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in two steps), were evaluated to determine the quality of four plant materials (Medicago sativa, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus ilex, and Pinus halepensis) before and after mixing with a red earth. These quality indices were then compared with the same materials in the field, whether their decomposition could be predicted. All the thermal methods gave poor results. In both DTG and DSC, the presence of the mineral matrix gave rise to strong distortions in the spectra. Since the spectrum of any mixture is not simply the sum of the spectra of the two components (organic matter + mineral matter), these distortions could not be corrected by simply subtracting the spectrum of the red earth alone. STG trials also gave poor results, because the presence of the mineral matrix greatly increased the quality indices, and reduced the ability of the method to distinguish between organic matter qualities. In view of our results, the usefulness of thermal methods in the characterization of soil organic matter would seem to be restricted to certain organic horizons (L, F, and perhaps H). In contrast, methods based on acid hydrolysis were comparatively more satisfactory. Their resolution (ability to distinguish organic matter qualities) was much higher than that of thermal methods. However, they were able to distinguish carbon more accurately than nitrogen. The sulfuric acid method, unlike the hydrochloric acid method, was affected by the presence of a mineral matrix. While both methods could be improved, in their present form they seem to operate as good predictors of carbon and nitrogen mineralization.