玉米生育期空间插值方法比较

采用合适的空间插值方法可以估计全国主产区玉米生育期的空间分布情况,从而指导不同地区的种植生产。该文通过比较反距离加权法、径向基函数法、克里格法等插值方法的异同,以调查县夏播玉米5个阶段的生育期为数据源,对黄淮海夏播玉米区生育期的数据进行空间插值处理,并使用交叉验证对表面精度进行分析。结果表明：播种期、出苗期和成熟期的最适合插值方法为径向基函数法,其均方根预测误差分别为5.077、5.320、5.243 d,拔节期和抽雄期的最佳插值方法为反距离加权法,其均方根预测误差分别为7.826、6.403 d;播种期和出苗期由西南至东北逐渐延后,其余阶段生育期以东南至西北为中轴线向两侧逐渐延后。     

春季解冻期棕壤坡面磷素迁移过程研究

春季解冻期土壤季节性冻融发生最为强烈,极易发生土壤侵蚀,也是磷素流失的关键时期。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,探究春季解冻期不同磷素背景值坡面产流产沙及磷素流失动态过程。结果表明:产流后14 min内径流量和泥沙量均呈现较好的线性分布,径流相关系数为0.969,泥沙相关系数为0.936;14~18 min内径流量缓慢增加,从18 min开始一直到产流结束径流量基本保持在3 100 ml/min,而泥沙则总体呈现先增大再减小的趋势;土壤背景值（APb）越高,径流、泥沙中磷浓度越高;径流中磷素流失比率均值APb₂₀坡面最大,且随着背景值的增大呈减小趋势;而泥沙中磷素流失比率均值变化则与径流不同,APb₄₀的坡面其流失比率最小,其他坡面差异较小;径流中磷素流失量与泥沙中磷素流失量呈线性关系,y=6.751x-0.628（R²=0.958）。     

氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦植株氮素利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响

以中筋小麦济麦22为试材,在小麦拔节期和开花期0—40cm土层土壤相对含水量均补灌至70%和总施氮量为240kg/hm~2条件下,设置5个氮肥基追比例处理:0∶10(N1)、3∶7(N2)、5∶5(N3)、7∶3(N4)、10∶0(N5),研究测墒补灌节水栽培条件下氮肥基追比例对小麦植株氮素利用和土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明:N3处理的植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量显著高于其他基追比例处理;营养器官氮素积累量、土壤矿质氮损失量、氮肥表观残留率和氮肥表观损失率显著低于其他处理。与N1、N2、N4、N5处理相比,N3处理的氮素生理利用率分别高33.22%,12.60%,11.54%,98.14%,籽粒氮素利用率高148.65%,56.48%,59.63%,229.29%,氮肥农学效率高96.52%,34.86%,37.64%,204.98%,氮素表观盈亏量分别低35.04%,13.82%,30.36%,29.30%。根据不同氮肥基追比例下各指标的相关系数分析表明,植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、氮素生理利用率、籽粒氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率与土壤硝态氮积累量、成熟期0—200cm土层土壤矿质氮残留总量均呈显著负相关。综上,氮肥基追比例为5∶5的N3处理为试验条件下的最优处理。     

温度和降水对云南玉溪水稻生产的影响

为了解水稻不同生长阶段气温和降水因子对水稻生产的影响,利用玉溪市红塔区农业气象观测站1980—2011年水稻生长期、产量及其构成因素的观测资料,分析了水稻各生长阶段天数、产量及其构成因素与同期气温和降水量的关系。结果表明：除孕穗—抽穗期,降水量与水稻其他各生长阶段天数呈显著正相关,以分蘖—孕穗期（r=0.6362,P>0.01）和移栽—分蘖期（r=0.4247,P>0.05）受降水限制最大。移栽—分蘖期平均气温、最高气温和最低气温,以及分蘖—孕穗期和乳熟—成熟期日较差与相应阶段天数呈显著负相关。穗粒数是影响水稻产量的主要构成因素,其与孕穗—乳熟期气温呈正相关。结实率与乳熟—成熟期最高气温和温差呈显著负相关,与最低气温和降水量呈显著正相关。千粒重与孕穗—成熟期气温呈负相关。水稻产量与移栽—分蘖期最高气温和日较差呈显著负相关,与降水量呈显著正相关,且丰年这3个因子与平年和歉年也有较大差异。结果说明,移栽—孕穗期水稻生产主要受降水的限制,孕穗—成熟期则主要受气温的影响,较高的气温促进穗粒数的增加,较大的温差促进物质的积累,对提高水稻产量较为有利。     

采收期对圆黄梨果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响

不同采收期圆黄梨果实在常温（20±1）℃和冷藏（0±0.5）℃条件下的试验结果表明：圆黄梨有一定程度的呼吸跃变,乙烯释放量较小;在盛花期后128～142 d内,采收越早,贮藏期间果心褐变程度越轻,乙醇含量越低,但SSC含量相对偏低,果实风味稍差;盛花期后135 d采收的果实贮藏期间能保持较高的硬度和TA含量,风味良好,果柄新鲜程度较高。北京地区贮藏圆黄梨果实最佳采收期为盛花期后135 d。     

集雨限灌对旱作马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

在大田条件下研究了集雨有限补偿灌溉对旱区马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,补灌能显著提高旱作马铃薯的产量、水分利用效率和经济系数。与对照相比,补灌处理产量增幅在3.99%~21.21%之间,苗期补灌产量高于薯块膨大期补灌,苗期补灌45 mm具有超补偿效应,补灌90 mm具有高补偿效应。低定额补灌有利于水分利用效率和灌水利用效率的提高,且苗期补灌高于薯块膨大期补灌。补灌明显降低了薯块小薯率而提高了大薯率和中薯率,另外单株薯重也提高了,单株薯重与大薯率对马铃薯的产量贡献最大。综合分析认为苗期补灌45 mm和90 mm是最优补灌方案和备选方案。     

追氮时期对两种筋型小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响

大田条件下,选用2个有代表性的强、弱筋型冬小麦品种,研究追肥时期对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：除糊化时间外,其他性状变异系数均大于10％,而且两种筋型品种之间淀粉糊化特性的变异幅度有较大差异。强筋型品种豫麦34号的淀粉糊化特性值均高于弱筋型品种豫麦50号。随追肥时期变化,两种筋型品种的变化规律不同,且均以拔节期追肥表现较优,因此,拔节期是淀粉糊化特性的较佳施肥时期。     

Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting,bulbing and seed yield in two onion cultivars

The effects of three set-sizes (12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 mm in diameter) and seven storage temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on bolting, bulbing and seed yield in two onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars ‘Hygro’ and ‘Delta’ were investigated. The incidence of bolting increased linearly with set-size and curvi-linearly with decreasing storage temperature. Time to inflorescence emergence and floret opening showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the earliest inflorescence emergence and floret opening occurring at 5 °C and the latest at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’. Seed yield per umbel also showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the lowest seed yield occurring at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’ and the highest seed yield at 5 °C. For a seed crop, storage of large sets (22.5 mm) of these cultivars at 5 °C for 120 days appeared to be optimum with 5–12% higher seed yield per umbel than that of 90 days storage. Bulb yield showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the highest bulb yield occurring at 25 °C and the lowest at 5 °C.     

Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Holothuria spinifera</Emphasis> (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Tuticorin,Tamil Nadu,India

The annual reproductive cycle of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera was studied in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2000 to October 2001, by macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonad tubule, gonad index and histology of gametogenic stages, to determine the spawning pattern. The gonad consists of long tubules with uniform development. It does not confirm the progressive tubule recruitment model described for other holothurians. The maximum percentage of mature animals, gonad and fecundity indices, tubule length and diameter, with the observations on gonad histology, ascertained that H. spinifera had the peak gametogenic activity during September and October 2001 followed by a prolonged spawning period from November 2000–March 2001.