The effect of C/N ratio on bacterial community and water quality in a mussel‐fish integrated system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of C/N ratio on water quality and bacterial community in an integrated system comprising one molluscan species (pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii) and two fish species (gibel carp Carassius gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at five C/N ratios (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14). The mussel and fishes were reared in the experimental tanks (400 L), but gibel carp received formulated feed. Water quality in the experimental tanks was analysed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30, and bacterial community in the water column and sediment was analysed on day 30. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon accumulated in the tanks over time. Ammonia and nitrite decreased with the increase in C/N ratio. Bacterial community in the water column and sediment changed at the phylum and genus levels with the increase in C/N ratio, and the critical C/N ratio causing a functional shift of bacterial community occurred at 10 in water column and 12 in sediment. The increase in C/N ratio benefited the growth of both potential probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. The high C/N ratio enhanced the bacterial functions of chemoheterotrophy and hydrocarbon degradation, but depressed the functions of nitrification and denitrification in the water column and sediment respectively. This study reveals that the C/N ratio can be used as a tool to manipulate the bacterial community and water quality in the mussel‐fish integrated system.     

盐碱地鱼池中病原体小土栖藻的防治

我国于70年代中,就开始了对小土栖藻(又名小三毛金藻)的防治研究。大连水产专科学校(1974)报道了小三毛金藻在我国的出现和防治,以后勾维民等(1983)、刘茂春等(1983)、何志辉(1985)、李永函等(1958)、张万达(1990)陆续报道了该害藻的分布和防治。但是,至此小土栖藻的防治技术还带有一定的偶然性和经验性,不能解决生产上的根本问题。本报道,查明了铵氮和小土栖藻消长的关系,指出了非离子氨杀灭小土栖藻的作用和有效含量,提出了一套较完整的预防和治疗方法。使该项研究取得明显的进展和突破。     

方格星虫中培苗对温度、盐度和干露的耐受性试验

研究了方格星虫中培苗对盐度突变、温度突变和盐度渐变、温度渐变及干露的耐受性。试验结果表明,方格星虫中培苗耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为10~45,适宜的盐度为15~40;适宜温度为15~30℃,对低温有较强的耐受力。方格星虫中培苗在低温保湿干露48h未发生死亡,大量死亡集中在72~96h。根据试验结果可知,方格星虫中培苗对环境的适应性较强,耐温、耐盐范围较广,且具有较强的耐干露能力,便于苗种运输。     

大菱鲆生长和耐高温性状的遗传参数估计

对来自40个家系的753尾大菱鲆个体进行耐高温实验,测定其生长和耐高温性状.基于是否考虑全同胞家系效应,建立了两种动物模型,用于估算大菱鲆生长和耐高温性状的遗传参数.利用WOMBAT程序采用平均信息约束极大似然法估计各模型中性状的方差组分,用似然比检验法进行不同模型的差异检验.方差组分分析结果显示,估计体质量遗传参数时,采用模型Ⅰ效果较好,相应遗传力为(0.22±0.09);估计肥满度时,两模型间差异不显著,其遗传力范围为(0.21±0.18)～(0.39±0.11);估计耐热性时,采用模型Ⅰ比较理想,遗传力为(0.026±0.034).表型和遗传相关分析结果表明,体质量与肥满度、耐热性的表型相关系数分别为0.13和0.04,肥满度与耐热性的表型相关系数为0.13;体质量与肥满度、耐热性遗传相关系数分别为0.01和-1.00,肥满度与耐热性的遗传相关系数为0.05.研究结果表明,没有考虑全同胞家系效应的模型Ⅰ是估计大菱鲆生长和耐高温性状遗传参数的较好模型.     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

急性氨氮胁迫及毒后恢复对团头鲂幼鱼鳃、肝和肾组织结构的影响

为进一步了解氨氮对团头鲂幼鱼的毒性毒理影响,以体质量为(14.27±0.01)g的团头鲂幼鱼为研究对象,研究了氨氮胁迫对其鳃、肝、肾组织结构的影响。实验首先进行96h的氨氮胁迫,得出96h LC50,在此基础上,设置对照组(0.472 mg/L)和实验组(25 mg/L)两个氨氮浓度处理组,进行0、6、12、24、48h的氨氮胁迫,取样后剩余团头鲂幼鱼移入曝气自来水进行96h的毒后恢复实验。结果表明：96h LC50为56.492 mg/L;三种组织观察表明,氨氮胁迫6h,鳃丝毛细血管扩张,上皮组织增生;肝细胞肿胀,细胞核肿大,肝细胞空泡化;肾小球萎缩,肾小囊腔膨大,肾小管管腔缩小;胁迫12h,泌氯细胞增生,呼吸上皮细胞出现部分脱落;肝细胞水样变性、血窦扩张、细胞轮廓模糊,形成点状病灶;肾小管上皮细胞肿大、水样变性、浊肿;胁迫24h,鳃小片融合、变短,呼吸上皮细胞大面积脱落;肝细胞水样变性、血窦扩张严重,形成局部病灶;肾组织淋巴细胞浸润严重,充血,肾小球坏死,肾小管坏死;胁迫48h,鳃小片卷曲,上皮细胞部分脱落;肝细胞部分溶解、血窦扩张,形成点状病灶;肾小管上皮细胞坏死,肾小球坏死;96h恢复后,泌氯细胞和上皮组织增生严重;肝组织大面积细胞核肿大,血窦扩张;肾组织淋巴细胞浸润严重,肾小管坏死,肾小球坏死。实验表明,不同的器官之间病症的损伤程度是不同的,肝组织的损伤最严重,然后依次是鳃和肾。随着胁迫时间延长,鳃、肝和肾组织受到的损害增加,同时鱼体也产生防御反应,但96h的恢复期不足以让团头鲂幼鱼在胁迫中完全恢复,而恢复能力最差的是肾组织。     

氨氮胁迫对青鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶、组织结构及血清部分生理生化指标的影响

氨氮是诱发鱼病的主要环境因子,以初始体质量(7.00 0.14)g的青鱼幼鱼为研究对象,研究氨氮胁迫对其鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶、组织结构及血清部分生理生化指标的影响。实验设置低(对照组0 mg/L)、中(10 mg/L)和高(20 mg/L)3个氨氮浓度处理组,将暂养在自然淡水(对照)中的青鱼幼鱼分别放入各实验梯度中,进行0、6、12、24、48和96 h氨氮胁迫。结果表明:与对照组相比,中、高氨氮组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性分别在12 h和6 h降至最低,然后升高,48 h达最大值,96 h后与对照组水平相当。鳃组织光镜观察表明,中氨氮组鳃小片基部泌氯细胞数量12 h有所增加,24 h呼吸上皮细胞出现部分脱落,96 h泌氯细胞出现空泡化,部分鳃小片充血;而高氨氮组鳃小片基部泌氯细胞数量6 h呈增加趋势,12 h呼吸上皮细胞部分脱落,24 h大面积脱落,96 h鳃小片基部严重充血。血清皮质醇和血糖含量在胁迫12 h均升高至最大,含量与氨氮浓度呈正相关,48 h恢复至对照组水平。氨氮胁迫下,血清总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力呈先升高后降低的趋势,6 h时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),中氨氮组12 h后与对照组差异不显著,而高氨氮组96 h时显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力12 h内均呈先降低后升高趋势,48 h均恢复至对照组水平。氨氮胁迫前期,血清总抗氧化力和谷胱甘肽均呈下降趋势,丙二醛和谷丙转氨酶活力呈升高趋势。谷胱甘肽和谷丙转氨酶活力在96 h恢复至对照组水平,而丙二醛96 h仍显著高于对照组,高氨氮组总抗氧化力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,氨氮胁迫初期,鱼体抗氧化系统受到严重干扰。随着胁迫时间延长,鱼体进行适应性生理调节,但机体抗氧化能力下降,鳃组织已受到损伤。     

可发酵碳水化合物减少猪场臭气的机理和应用

可发酵碳水化合物,添加在猪日粮中到达后肠作为微生物发酵的底物,通过改变猪肠道和粪便中的微生物及其发酵过程,改变粪尿的理化特性,来减少氨的挥发以及臭气的产生.本文对臭气和除臭方法进行了简单的介绍,并综述了通过在猪日粮中添加可发酵碳水化合物来控制猪场臭气的机理和应用效果.     

温度对虾夷扇贝普通养殖群体和选育新品种海大金贝呼吸代谢的影响

2012年5月和9月,2013年3月和6月,在自然水温条件下,采用呼吸瓶法比较了不同温度(5.6℃、10.5℃、14.4℃、21.2℃)下普通养殖虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和虾夷扇贝选育新品种海大金贝(Haida golden scallop)耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明,在实验设置水温范围内(5.6~21.2℃),普通虾夷扇贝和海大金贝的耗氧率表现出相似的变化趋势。在温度达到14.4℃之前,实验贝耗氧率随温度的升高而增大,而在14.4℃后,则随温度的升高而减小。两种贝最大耗氧率分别为1.67 mg/(g·h)和1.27 mg/(g·h),其中在5.6℃和14.4℃海大金贝耗氧率显著小于普通虾夷扇贝(P0.05);10.5℃和21.2℃时,两组贝类的耗氧率差异不显著(P0.05)。普通虾夷扇贝和海大金贝排氨率随温度变化呈现出不同的趋势。前者从5.6℃开始,随温度的升高,排氨率缓慢升高,水温为14.4℃时达到最大值,为0.063 mg/(g·h),然后逐渐降低,14.4℃水温的排氨率显著大于10.5℃和21.2℃(P0.05);而从5.6℃到10.5℃,后者的排氨率逐渐降低,10.5℃时达到最低值,为0.029 mg/(g·h),然后随温度升高缓慢升高,到21.2℃达到最高值。海大金贝组在温度条件为5.6℃和21.2℃时排氨率高于普通虾夷扇贝组(P0.05);而水温为14.4℃时,普通虾夷扇贝组排氨率显著高于海大金贝组(P0.05);10.5℃时两者排氨率差异不显著(P0.05)。两实验组耗氧率Q_10系数均随温度的升高而降低。O/N结果表明,普通虾夷扇贝在本次研究的设定温度区间内以消耗脂肪和碳水化合物为主;海大金贝以消耗蛋白质为主,当温度逐渐升高,转化为以消耗脂肪和碳水化合物为主,当水温达到较高的水平,又转换为以消耗蛋白质为主。