Application of low intensity light pulses to delay postharvest senescence of Ocimum basilicum leaves

Fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a highly perishable leafy green vegetable with a storage life of 4–5 d at room temperature. Exposure of basil leaves to temperatures below 12 °C during storage results in chilling injury; therefore, refrigeration cannot be used to extend postharvest life of basil. Typically, leafy vegetables are stored in darkness or extremely low irradiance. Darkness is known to induce senescence, and the initial phase of senescence is reversible by exposure to light. In this work, we studied the effects of low-intensity white light pulses at room temperature on postharvest senescence of basil leaves. Daily exposure for 2 h to 30–37 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ of light was effective to delay postharvest senescence of basil leaves. Chlorophyll and protein levels decreased, ammonium accumulated and leaves developed visual symptoms of deterioration (darkening) during storage in darkness. Light pulses reduced the intensity of these senescence symptoms. The photosynthesis light compensation point of basil leaves was 50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ i.e., higher than the intensity used in this study, and the effect of treatment with red light was the same as with white light, while far red light was ineffective. Light pulses exerted a local effect on chlorophyll loss, but the effect on protein degradation was systemic (i.e., spreading beyond the illuminated parts of the leaf blade). The results of this study indicate that daily treatment for 2 h with low intensity light (30–37 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ every day) during storage at 20 °C is an effective treatment to delay postharvest senescence of basil leaves. The delay of postharvest senescence by low intensity light pulses seems to be mediated by phytochromes, and it is systemic for protein, and partially systemic for chlorophyll degradation.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测动物肌肉组织中19种β-受体激动剂残留

建立了猪、牛和羊肌肉组织中吡布特罗、西马特罗、特步他林、齐帕特罗、沙丁胺醇、西布特罗、克伦塞罗、克伦丙罗、羟甲基克伦特罗、氯丙那林、莱克多巴胺、克伦特罗、妥布特罗、福莫特罗、溴布特罗、克伦潘特、班布特罗、马布特罗和马喷特罗等19种β-受体激动剂残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法.猪、牛和羊肌肉组织样品用乙腈和异丙醇（8：2,V/V）提取,加入NaC1、Na2SO4和MgSO4盐析去杂质.待测药物经BEH C18色谱柱分离,以0.1％甲酸乙腈溶液和0.1％甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱.同位素内标法和基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量.19种β-受体激动剂在系列浓度范围内呈现良好线性关系,相关系数r2均大于0.99;19种药物在肌肉组织中的检测限为0.25 μg/kg,定量限为0.5μg/kg.从0.5、1和5μg/kg三个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,19种药物的回收率为73.7％ ～ 114.1％,批内批间相对标准偏差均小于20％.结果表明,该方法简便快捷、灵敏度高、定性准确,适用于该类药物残留的检测.     

Ethylene

Abstract

Ethylene is a simple gaseous hormone that is involved in many aspects of plant growth and development. Two physiological responses that are commonly controlled by ethylene, fruit ripening and flower senescence, have been given the most significant attention in terms of crop improvement using the tools of modern plant molecular biology and biotechnology. Fortunately, the wealth of research on ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathway has been providing tools for the genetic control of ethylene effects. Today, manipulation of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling is one of the most promising approaches to improve crops through genetic engineering. In this review we will discuss current status and future directions of transgenic techniques to control ethylene effects with a primary focus on flower senescence.     

晚冬早春阶段增温对冬小麦光合性能及旗叶衰老的调控作用

【目的】针对华北平原北部冬小麦生长发育所需的适宜温度与环境实际温度间的矛盾,通过晚冬早春阶段性增温,研究拔节前增温及拔节后揭除塑膜相对降温对冬小麦旗叶光合性能和衰老的调控作用,以期为华北平原冬小麦通过调控温度延缓小麦衰老和挖掘产量潜力提供理论及方法依据。【方法】2015—2017年连续2个生长季在河北省农林科学院深州旱作节水农业试验站进行大田试验,以“衡观35”为试验材料,晚冬早春采用搭建温室的方法,设置覆盖2层塑膜（M2E,1月25日—3月25日）、覆盖2层塑膜（M2L,2月5日—3月25日）、覆盖1层塑膜（M1,2月20日—3月25日）、常规生产对照（CK）共4个处理,以覆盖有孔和无孔塑膜以及时间的早晚和长短来调控温度和小麦生长发育时间,由此获得了时间相同的小麦生长发育进程不同、发育进程相同而所处日期和温度不同的结果。试验过程中记录每个处理各生育期起始时间,并测定光合特性、衰老相关酶活性、产量、水分利用效率等指标。【结果】早覆盖的M2E处理的冬小麦比对照开花提前8 d,成熟提前3—4 d;灌浆期旗叶叶绿素相对含量SPAD提高17.3%、净光合速率提高30.8%、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性提高23.7%、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性提高27.2%、过氧化物酶（POD）活性提高19.4%、丙二醛（MDA）含量降低23.8%;开花时的旗叶面积增大27%,收获时籽粒产量提高22.8%,水分利用效率提高16.9%。随着增温时间的推迟和覆盖时间的缩短,上述指标与对照差异越来越小,以至于M1处理上述指标与CK均显著不差异。【结论】晚冬早春阶段增温既维持了旗叶较高的光合速率,又显著延缓了旗叶衰老,进而为灌浆提供了物质基础;既增加了小麦穗粒数,又延长了小麦灌浆时间,从而获得了高产,获得高产的同时虽然增加了耗水量但促进了水分的高效利用。晚冬早春阶段增温是华北平原北部冬小麦有效平衡热量资源供应与生长发育所需的方法,既可减轻晚冬早春冻害对小麦返青及拔节的影响,又可规避小麦生育后期干热风带来的危害。     

姜荷花观赏苞片衰老生理和永生花的制作技术

姜荷花(Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.)是姜科姜黄属草本球根花卉,不育苞片在长圆形穗状花序上呈荷花状排列,花型雅致。本研究以姜荷花品种“清迈粉”为研究对象,对姜荷花自然生长状态下花序衰老过程中观赏苞片的丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理生化指标进行了测定,以期通过对上述指标的研究为延长自然生长状态下姜荷花苞片观赏期奠定基础,结果表明：随着观赏苞片衰败进程,苞片持续受到活性氧伤害,在苞片全部展开达到盛花期时,SOD清除超氧根离子的能力达到顶峰。苞片初花期在清除过氧化氢起重要作用的是CAT,而苞片衰败期POD在清除过氧化氢中起重要作用。盛花期时,观赏苞片中脯氨酸含量最高,超氧化物歧化酶活性最强,耐逆性最佳。另外,本研究探索了姜荷花永生花制作技术,该技术的出现既可丰富永生花的产品种类,又可以为花卉产业带来经济效益,实际应用价值较高。     

雷帕霉素预处理延缓牡丹‘洛阳红’切花衰老的生理效应

为研究雷帕霉素靶标激酶TOR在牡丹开花衰老过程中的生理作用，以牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.）‘洛阳红’切花为试材，用0.01 μmol • L-1雷帕霉素预处理2 h后瓶插，并测定瓶插寿命、能量物质含量、糖分含量、乙烯释放速率、呼吸速率、MDA含量以及PsTOR、PsSnRK1和PsHXK1表达量变化。结果表明：雷帕霉素预处理可延长该牡丹切花的瓶插最佳观赏期和增大花朵的最大花径；另外，雷帕霉素预处理还可提高花瓣可溶性糖含量和能荷积累，降低呼吸耗能和MDA含量，并下调瓶插初期PsSnRK1和PsHXK1的表达水平，上调瓶插后期PsTOR和PsSnRK1的表达水平。说明雷帕霉素可通过TOR途径调控能量感知，延缓牡丹切花的开放和衰老进程，进而提高瓶插品质。     

水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺与生理性状研究进展

叶片早衰严重影响水稻产量与品质。研究水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺及生理性状,有助于了解水稻叶片衰老进程和机理。本文简述了叶片衰老特征和衰老机制,重点综述了水稻叶片早衰突变体的类型、农艺与生理性状研究进展及延缓水稻叶片衰老的栽培调控途径。可为水稻抗衰老品种选育及栽培调控提供理论依据。     

四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm~(–2))。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm~(–2)。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老速率,并提高了灌浆期净光合速率,进而实现玉米增产。     

Selection of ethylene-resistant carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by video recording system and their response to ethylene

We used conventional cross-breeding techniques to develop a carnation with low ethylene sensitivity. A time-lapse video recording system for evaluating ethylene sensitivity of flowers, developed in our earlier study, proved useful for this breeding. We selected 10 new ethylene-resistant lines, in addition to the previously selected line 64–54. Lines 902–48a, 234–43S, and 234–36S showed extremely low ethylene sensitivity. The response time to 10 μL L⁻¹ ethylene of these three lines exceeded 50 h in two independent experiments (2004 and 2005), whereas that of three sensitive control cultivars (‘White Sim’, ‘Excerea’, and ‘Scania’) was 6.2–8.0 h. The mean vase life of the ethylene-resistant lines ranged from 7.6 to 12.7 days (1.4–2.3 times that of ‘White Sim’). The application of ethylene to carnation flowers induced autocatalytic ethylene production in both petals and gynoecia of 9 of the 11 ethylene-resistant lines without petal wilting, indicating that the autocatalytic ethylene production was regulated independently of the petal wilting reaction. This result further suggests that these lines have normal ethylene receptors and produce ethylene autocatalytically, but their petal wilting reaction stops at a point beyond the receptor. Two lines (118–64S and 120–69S) showed extremely low ethylene production at flower senescence and very low autocatalytic ethylene production from petals and gynoecia.     

鹅脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶和长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶1基因表达差异及其对脂肪沉积和血清脂类代谢的调控

本试验旨在研究脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶(ATGL)和长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶1(ACSL1)基因在鹅的不同组织器官中的表达差异,并探索2个基因表达对机体脂肪沉积和血清脂类代谢的调控。选取16周龄五龙鹅30只(公母各占1/2),屠宰后用实时荧光定量PCR检测不同组织器官(肝脏、心脏、皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪、胸肌、腿肌、肌胃、腺胃、小肠、肾脏、大脑、肺、脾脏)中A TG L、A CSL1基因表达量。结果表明:1)在鹅的皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、胸肌和腿肌中均检测出ATGL和ACSL1基因的表达;ATGL基因在皮下脂肪和腹部脂肪中表达量最高,其次是肝脏和脾脏,在肾脏、心脏、胸肌和腿肌中只有少量表达;ACSL1基因在皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪、肝脏、脾脏中表达量较高,在肾脏、心脏、胸肌和腿肌中有少量表达,而在肌胃、腺胃和肺中几乎不表达。2)ATGL基因表达量与腿肌肌内脂肪率、胸肌肌内脂肪率、腹部脂肪率、胸肌率和腿肌率呈显著或极显著负相关(P0.05或P0.01),与皮下脂肪率呈显著正相关(P0.05);ACSL1基因表达量与腿肌肌内脂肪率、胸肌肌内脂肪率、胸肌率呈正相关(P0.05),与腿肌率呈显著正相关(P0.05),与皮下脂肪率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。3)ATGL基因表达量与血清甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和葡萄糖含量呈显著或极显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01);ACSL1基因表达量与血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和葡萄糖含量呈负相关(P0.05),与甘油三酯含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。由此可见,ATGL和ACSL1基因在鹅的不同组织器官中的表达具有明显差异性,对机体脂肪沉积和血清脂类代谢具有反向调控作用。